#- - # # SUMO (Suggested Upper Merged Ontology) # # Converted to Topic Maps by kif2atm (0.1) # # Sun Dec 19 15:21:12 2004 #- - instance (BinaryPredicate) in: An object is an instance of a SetOrClass if \ it is included in that SetOrClass. An individual may be an instance of many \ classes, some of which may be subclasses of others. Thus, there is no \ assumption in the meaning of instance about specificity or uniqueness. (relation-has-domains) relation : instance domain : Entity SetOrClass #- - immediateInstance (AsymmetricRelation IntransitiveRelation) in: An object is an immediateInstance of \ a SetOrClass if it is an instance of the SetOrClass and it is not an \ instance of a proper subclass of SetOrClass. (is-subclass-of) superclass : instance subclass : immediateInstance #- - inverse (BinaryPredicate IrreflexiveRelation IntransitiveRelation SymmetricRelation) in: The inverse of a BinaryRelation is a relation \ in which all the tuples of the original relation are reversed. In \ other words, one BinaryRelation is the inverse of another if they are \ equivalent when their arguments are swapped. (relation-has-domains) relation : inverse domain : BinaryRelation BinaryRelation #- - subclass (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that ?CLASS1 is \ a subclass of ?CLASS2, i.e. every instance of ?CLASS1 is also an instance of \ ?CLASS2. A class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses. (relation-has-domains) relation : subclass domain : SetOrClass SetOrClass #- - immediateSubclass (AsymmetricRelation IntransitiveRelation) in: A SetOrClass ?CLASS1 is an immediateSubclass \ of another SetOrClass ?CLASS2 just in case ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2 and \ there is no other subclass of ?CLASS2 such that ?CLASS1 is also a subclass of it. (is-subclass-of) superclass : subclass subclass : immediateSubclass #- - subrelation (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: (subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that \ every tuple of ?REL1 is also a tuple of ?REL2. In other words, if \ the Relation ?REL1 holds for some arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n, \ then the Relation ?REL2 holds for the same arguments. A consequence \ of this is that a Relation and its subrelations must have the same \ valence. In CycL, subrelation is called #$genlPreds. (relation-has-domains) relation : subrelation domain : Relation Relation #- - domain (TernaryPredicate) in: Provides a computationally and heuristically\ convenient mechanism for declaring the argument types of a given relation. \ The formula (domain ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INT'th element of each \ tuple in the relation ?REL must be an instance of ?CLASS. Specifying argument\ types is very helpful in maintaining ontologies. Representation systems can \ use these specifications to classify terms and check integrity constraints. \ If the restriction on the argument type of a Relation is not captured by a \ SetOrClass already defined in the ontology, one can specify a SetOrClass \ compositionally with the functions UnionFn, IntersectionFn, etc. (relation-has-domains) relation : domain domain : Relation PositiveInteger SetOrClass #- - domainSubclass (TernaryPredicate) in: Predicate used to specify argument \ type restrictions of Predicates. The formula (domainSubclass \ ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INT'th element of each tuple in the \ relation ?REL must be a subclass of ?CLASS. (relation-has-domains) relation : domainSubclass domain : Relation PositiveInteger SetOrClass #- - equal (BinaryPredicate EquivalenceRelation RelationExtendedToQuantities) in: (equal ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) is true just in case \ ?ENTITY1 is identical with ?ENTITY2. (relation-has-domains) relation : equal domain : Entity Entity #- - range (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: Gives the range of a function. In other words, \ (range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by \ ?FUNCTION are instances of ?CLASS. (relation-has-domains) relation : range domain : Function SetOrClass #- - rangeSubclass (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: (rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that \ all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are subclasses of ?CLASS. (relation-has-domains) relation : rangeSubclass domain : Function #- - valence (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation SingleValuedRelation) in: Specifies the number of arguments that a \ relation can take. If a relation does not have a fixed number of \ arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of \ VariableArityRelation. For example, holds is a \ VariableArityRelation. (relation-has-domains) relation : valence domain : Relation PositiveInteger #- - documentation (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A relation between objects in the domain \ of discourse and strings of natural language text. The domain of \ documentation is not constants (names), but the objects themselves. \ This means that one does not quote the names when associating them with \ their documentation. (relation-has-domains) relation : documentation domain : Entity SymbolicString #- - disjoint (BinaryPredicate SymmetricRelation) in: Classes are disjoint only if they share no \ instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying IntersectionFn to\ them is empty. (relation-has-domains) relation : disjoint domain : SetOrClass SetOrClass #- - disjointRelation (Predicate VariableArityRelation) in: This predicate relates any number of Relations. \ (disjointRelation @ROW) means that any two relations in @ROW have no tuples in \ common. As a consequence, the intersection of all of the relations in @ROW is the \ null set. #- - contraryAttribute (Predicate VariableArityRelation) in: A contraryAttribute is a set of Attributes \ such that something can not simultaneously have more than one of these Attributes. \ For example, (contraryAttribute Pliable Rigid) means that nothing can be both \ Pliable and Rigid. #- - exhaustiveAttribute (Predicate VariableArityRelation) in: This predicate relates a Class to a \ set of Attributes, and it means that the elements of this set exhaust the \ instances of the Class. For example, (exhaustiveAttribute PhysicalState \ Solid Fluid Liquid Gas) means that there are only three instances of \ the class PhysicalState, viz. Solid, Fluid, Liquid, and Gas. #- - exhaustiveDecomposition (Predicate VariableArityRelation) in: An exhaustiveDecomposition of a \ Class C is a set of subclasses of C such that every instance of C is an \ instance of one of the subclasses in the set. Note: this does not necessarily \ mean that the elements of the set are disjoint (see partition - a partition \ is a disjoint exhaustive decomposition). (relation-has-domains) relation : exhaustiveDecomposition domain : Class #- - disjointDecomposition (Predicate VariableArityRelation) in: A disjointDecomposition of a Class \ C is a set of subclasses of C that are mutually disjoint. (relation-has-domains) relation : disjointDecomposition domain : Class #- - partition (Predicate VariableArityRelation) in: A partition of a class C is a set of \ mutually disjoint classes (a subclass partition) which covers C. \ Every instance of C is an instance of exactly one of the subclasses \ in the partition. (relation-has-domains) relation : partition domain : Class #- - relatedInternalConcept (BinaryPredicate EquivalenceRelation) in: Means that the two arguments are \ related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity \ of meaning between them. To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO \ concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate \ relatedExternalConcept. (relation-has-domains) relation : relatedInternalConcept domain : Entity Entity #- - relatedExternalConcept (TernaryPredicate) in: Used to signify a three-place \ relation between a concept in an external knowledge source, a concept \ in the SUMO, and the name of the other knowledge source. (relation-has-domains) relation : relatedExternalConcept domain : SymbolicString Entity Language #- - synonymousExternalConcept in: (synonymousExternalConcept \ ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING has the \ same meaning as ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE. (is-subclass-of) superclass : relatedExternalConcept subclass : synonymousExternalConcept #- - subsumingExternalConcept in: (subsumingExternalConcept \ ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING subsumes \ the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is broader \ in meaning than ?STRING. (is-subclass-of) superclass : relatedExternalConcept subclass : subsumingExternalConcept #- - subsumedExternalConcept in: (subsumedExternalConcept \ ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING is subsumed \ by the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is narrower \ in meaning than ?STRING. (is-subclass-of) superclass : relatedExternalConcept subclass : subsumedExternalConcept #- - subAttribute (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: Means that the second argument can be \ ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it. (relation-has-domains) relation : subAttribute domain : Attribute Attribute #- - successorAttribute (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: (successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) \ means that ?ATTR2 is the Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 \ on the scale that they share. (relation-has-domains) relation : successorAttribute domain : Attribute Attribute #- - successorAttributeClosure (BinaryPredicate TransitiveRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: The transitive closure of \ successorAttribute. (successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means \ that there is a chain of successorAttribute assertions connecting \ ?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2. (relation-has-domains) relation : successorAttributeClosure domain : Attribute Attribute #- - entails (BinaryPredicate) in: The operator of logical entailment. (entails \ ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 can be derived from ?FORMULA1 \ by means of the proof theory of SUO-KIF. (relation-has-domains) relation : entails domain : Formula Formula #- - AssignmentFn (Function VariableArityRelation) in: If F is a Function with a value for the \ objects denoted by N1,..., NK, then (AssignmentFn F N1 ... NK) is the \ value of applying F to the objects denoted by N1,..., NK. Otherwise, \ the value is undefined. (relation-has-domains) relation : AssignmentFn domain : Function #- - holds (Predicate VariableArityRelation) in: (holds P N1 ... NK) is true just in case \ the tuple of objects denoted by N1,..., NK is an element of \ the Relation P. (relation-has-domains) relation : holds domain : Relation #- - PowerSetFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (PowerSetFn ?CLASS) maps the SetOrClass \ ?CLASS to the SetOrClass of all subclasses of ?CLASS. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SetOrClass subclass : PowerSetFn (relation-has-domains) relation : PowerSetFn domain : SetOrClass #- - Entity in: The universal class of individuals. This is the root \ node of the ontology. #- - Thing (Entity) #- - Physical in: An entity that has a location in space-time. \ Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in \ space-time. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Entity subclass : Physical #- - Object in: Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary \ objects. Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, \ and locations of Processes, the complement of Objects in the Physical \ class. In a 4D ontology, an Object is something whose spatiotemporal \ extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the \ time-axis. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Physical subclass : Object #- - SelfConnectedObject in: A SelfConnectedObject is any \ Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Object subclass : SelfConnectedObject #- - FrontFn (SpatialRelation PartialValuedRelation UnaryFunction AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: A Function that maps an Object to the side \ that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the \ direction in which the Object moves. Note that this is a partial \ function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and \ spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in \ much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. \ Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, \ it does not have significant practical implications, since there is \ widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. (relation-has-domains) relation : FrontFn domain : SelfConnectedObject #- - BackFn (SpatialRelation PartialValuedRelation UnaryFunction AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: A Function that maps an Object to the side \ that is opposite the FrontFn of the Object. Note that this is a \ partial function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples \ and spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in \ much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. \ Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, \ it does not have significant practical implications, since there is \ widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. (relation-has-domains) relation : BackFn domain : SelfConnectedObject #- - part (SpatialRelation PartialOrderingRelation) in: The basic mereological relation. All other \ mereological relations are defined in terms of this one. \ (part ?PART ?WHOLE) simply means that the Object ?PART is part\ of the Object ?WHOLE. Note that, since part is a \ ReflexiveRelation, every Object is a part of itself. (relation-has-domains) relation : part domain : Object Object #- - properPart (AsymmetricRelation TransitiveRelation) in: (properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that \ ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a \ TransitiveRelation and AsymmetricRelation (hence an \ IrreflexiveRelation). (is-subclass-of) superclass : part subclass : properPart #- - piece in: A specialized common sense notion of part for \ arbitrary parts of Substances. Quasi-synonyms are: chunk, hunk, bit, \ etc. Compare component, another subrelation of part. (is-subclass-of) superclass : part subclass : piece (relation-has-domains) relation : piece domain : Substance Substance #- - component in: A specialized common sense notion of part \ for heterogeneous parts of complexes. (component ?COMPONENT ?WHOLE) \ means that ?COMPONENT is a component of ?WHOLE. Examples of component \ include the doors and walls of a house, the states or provinces of a \ country, or the limbs and organs of an animal. Compare piece, which \ is also a subrelation of part. (is-subclass-of) superclass : part subclass : component (relation-has-domains) relation : component domain : CorpuscularObject CorpuscularObject #- - material (BinaryPredicate) in: (material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that \ ?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation \ encompasses the concepts of 'composed of', 'made of', and 'formed of'. \ For example, plastic is a material of my computer monitor. Compare \ part and its subrelations, viz component and piece. (relation-has-domains) relation : material domain : CorpuscularObject #- - contains (SpatialRelation AsymmetricRelation) in: The relation of spatial containment for two \ separable objects. When the two objects are not separable (e.g. an \ automobile and one of its seats), the relation of part should be used. \ (contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the SelfConnectedObject ?OBJ1 has \ a space (i.e. a Hole) which is at least partially filled by ?OBJ2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : partlyLocated subclass : contains (relation-has-domains) relation : contains domain : SelfConnectedObject Object #- - Substance in: An Object in which every part is similar to \ every other in every relevant respect. More precisely, something is a \ Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts - any parts have \ properties which are similar to those of the whole. Note that a Substance \ may nonetheless have physical properties that vary. For example, the \ temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part \ to another. An example would be a body of water. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SelfConnectedObject subclass : Substance #- - SyntheticSubstance in: Any Substance that is the result of an \ IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that is created by Humans. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Substance subclass : SyntheticSubstance #- - NaturalSubstance in: Any Substance that is not the result of \ an IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that occurs naturally. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Substance subclass : NaturalSubstance #- - PureSubstance in: The Class of Substances with constant \ composition. A PureSubstance can be either an element (ElementalSubstance) \ or a compound of elements (CompoundSubstance). Examples: Table salt \ (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), water (H_2O), \ iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2). (is-subclass-of) superclass : Substance subclass : PureSubstance #- - ElementalSubstance in: The Class of PureSubstances that \ cannot be separated into two or more Substances by ordinary chemical \ (or physical) means. This excludes nuclear reactions. ElementalSubstances \ are composed of only one kind of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), \ and oxygen (O_2). ElementalSubstances are the simplest \ PureSubstances. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PureSubstance subclass : ElementalSubstance #- - Metal in: A Metal is an ElementalSubstance that conducts heat \ and electricity, is shiny and reflects many colors of light, and can be hammered \ into sheets or drawn into wire. About 80% of the known chemical elements \ (ElementalSubstances) are metals. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ElementalSubstance subclass : Metal #- - Atom in: An extremely small unit of matter that retains its \ identity in Chemical reactions. It consists of an AtomicNucleus and \ Electrons surrounding the AtomicNucleus. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ElementalSubstance subclass : Atom #- - SubatomicParticle in: The class of ElementalSubstances that \ are smaller than Atoms and compose Atoms. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ElementalSubstance subclass : SubatomicParticle #- - AtomicNucleus in: The core of the Atom. It is composed of \ Protons and Neutrons. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SubatomicParticle subclass : AtomicNucleus #- - Electron in: SubatomicParticles that surround the \ AtomicNucleus. They have a negative charge. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SubatomicParticle subclass : Electron #- - Proton in: Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have a \ positive charge. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SubatomicParticle subclass : Proton #- - Neutron in: Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have no \ charge. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SubatomicParticle subclass : Neutron #- - CompoundSubstance in: The Class of Substances that contain \ two or more elements (ElementalSubstances), in definite proportion by weight. \ The composition of a pure compound will be invariant, regardless of the method \ of preparation. Compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom (element). \ The term molecule is often used for the smallest unit of a compound that still \ retains all of the properties of the compound. Examples: Table salt (sodium \ chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), and water (H_2O). (is-subclass-of) superclass : PureSubstance subclass : CompoundSubstance #- - Mixture in: A Mixture is two or more PureSubstances, \ combined in varying proportions - each retaining its own specific properties. \ The components of a Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without \ the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly \ dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Substance subclass : Mixture #- - CorpuscularObject in: A SelfConnectedObject whose parts have \ properties that are not shared by the whole. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SelfConnectedObject subclass : CorpuscularObject (are-disjoint) objects : CorpuscularObject Substance #- - Region in: A topographic location. Regions encompass \ surfaces of Objects, imaginary places, and GeographicAreas. Note \ that a Region is the only kind of Object which can be located at \ itself. Note too that Region is not a subclass of SelfConnectedObject, \ because some Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have parts which are not \ connected with one another. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Object subclass : Region #- - Collection in: Collections have members like Classes, but, \ unlike Classes, they have a position in space-time and members can be \ added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the \ Collection. Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks \ of sheep. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Object subclass : Collection (are-disjoint) objects : Collection SelfConnectedObject #- - member (AsymmetricRelation IntransitiveRelation) in: A specialized common sense notion of part for \ uniform parts of Collections. For example, each sheep in a flock of \ sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock. (is-subclass-of) superclass : part subclass : member (relation-has-domains) relation : member domain : SelfConnectedObject Collection #- - subCollection (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: (subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that \ the Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the Collection ?COLL2. (relation-has-domains) relation : subCollection domain : Collection Collection #- - ContentBearingPhysical in: Any Object or Process that\ expresses content. This covers Objects that contain a Proposition,\ such as a book, as well as ManualSignLanguage, which may similarly\ contain a Proposition. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Physical subclass : ContentBearingPhysical #- - ContentBearingProcess in: Any Process, for example \ ManualHumanLanguage, which may contain a Proposition. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ContentBearingPhysical subclass : ContentBearingProcess #- - ContentBearingObject in: Any SelfConnectedObject that expresses \ content. This content may be a Proposition, e.g. when the ContentBearingObject \ is a Sentence or Text, or it may be a representation of an abstract or \ physical object, as with an Icon, a Word or a Phrase. (is-subclass-of) superclass : CorpuscularObject subclass : ContentBearingObject (is-subclass-of) superclass : ContentBearingPhysical subclass : ContentBearingObject #- - SymbolicString in: The Class of alphanumeric sequences. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ContentBearingObject subclass : SymbolicString #- - Character in: An element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc. \ Note that a Character may or may not be part of a Language. Character \ is a subclass of SymbolicString, because every instance of Character is \ an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SymbolicString subclass : Character #- - containsInformation (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A subrelation of represents. This \ predicate relates a ContentBearingPhysical to the Proposition that is \ expressed by the ContentBearingPhysical. Examples include the relationships \ between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its \ musical content. (is-subclass-of) superclass : represents subclass : containsInformation (relation-has-domains) relation : containsInformation domain : ContentBearingPhysical Proposition #- - Icon in: This is the subclass of ContentBearingPhysical \ which are not part of a Language and which have some sort of similarity \ with the Objects that they represent. This Class would include symbolic \ roadway signs, representational art works, photographs, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ContentBearingPhysical subclass : Icon #- - MotionPicture in: A ContentBearingObject which depicts motion \ (and which may have an audio or text component as well). This Class covers \ films, videos, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Text subclass : MotionPicture #- - LinguisticExpression in: This is the subclass of \ ContentBearingPhysical which are language-related. Note that this Class \ encompasses both Language and the the elements of Languages, \ e.g. Words. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ContentBearingPhysical subclass : LinguisticExpression (are-disjoint) objects : LinguisticExpression Icon #- - Language in: A system of signs for expressing thought. The \ system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges \ gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created \ by a person or group of people. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LinguisticExpression subclass : Language (is-disjointly-decomposed) whole : Language component : AnimalLanguage HumanLanguage ComputerLanguage #- - AnimalLanguage in: The subclass of Languages used by \ Animals other than Humans. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Language subclass : AnimalLanguage #- - ArtificialLanguage in: The subclass of Languages that are \ designed by Humans. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Language subclass : ArtificialLanguage #- - ComputerLanguage in: The class of Languages designed for \ and interpreted by a computer. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ArtificialLanguage subclass : ComputerLanguage #- - HumanLanguage in: The subclass of Languages used by \ Humans. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Language subclass : HumanLanguage #- - ConstructedLanguage in: An ConstructedLanguage is a \ HumanLanguage that did not evolve spontaneously within a language\ community, but rather had its core grammar and vocabulary invented by \ one or more language experts, often with an aim to produce a more \ grammatically regular language than any language that has evolved \ naturally. This Class includes languages like Esperanto that were \ created to facilitate international communication (is-subclass-of) superclass : HumanLanguage subclass : ConstructedLanguage (is-subclass-of) superclass : ArtificialLanguage subclass : ConstructedLanguage #- - NaturalLanguage in: The subclass of HumanLanguages which \ are not designed and which evolve from generation to generation. This \ Class includes all of the national languages, e.g. English, Spanish, \ Japanese, etc. Note that this class includes dialects of natural \ languages. (is-subclass-of) superclass : HumanLanguage subclass : NaturalLanguage #- - ManualHumanLanguage in: A ManualHumanLanguage is a\ HumanLanguage which has as its medium gestures and movement, such \ as the shape, position, and movement of the hands. (is-subclass-of) superclass : HumanLanguage subclass : ManualHumanLanguage #- - SpokenHumanLanguage in: A SpokenHumanLanguage is a\ HumanLanguage which has as its medium the human voice. It can also \ berepresented visually through writing, although not all \ SpokenHumanLanguages have a codified written form. (is-subclass-of) superclass : HumanLanguage subclass : SpokenHumanLanguage #- - Word in: A term of a Language that represents a concept. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LinguisticExpression subclass : Word #- - Formula in: A syntactically well-formed formula in the \ SUO-KIF knowledge representation language. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Sentence subclass : Formula #- - Agent in: Something or someone that can act on its own and \ produce changes in the world. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Object subclass : Agent #- - SentientAgent in: An Agent that has rights but may or may \ not have responsibilities and the ability to reason. If the latter are \ present, then the Agent is also an instance of CognitiveAgent. \ Domesticated animals are an example of SentientAgents that are not \ also CognitiveAgents. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Agent subclass : SentientAgent #- - CognitiveAgent in: A SentientAgent with responsibilities \ and the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, etc. This is \ essentially the legal/ethical notion of a person. Note that, although \ Human is a subclass of CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of \ CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of Human. For example, \ chimpanzees, gorillas, dolphins, whales, and some extraterrestrials \ (if they exist) may be CognitiveAgents. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SentientAgent subclass : CognitiveAgent #- - leader (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation SingleValuedRelation) in: (leader ?INSTITUTION ?PERSON)\ means that the leader of ?INSTITUTION is ?PERSON. (relation-has-domains) relation : leader domain : Agent Human #- - Process in: Intuitively, the class of things that happen \ and have temporal parts or stages. Examples include extended events \ like a football match or a race, actions like Pursuing and Reading, \ and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that lasts \ for a time but is not an Object. Note that a Process may have \ participants 'inside' it which are Objects, such as the players \ in a football match. In a 4D ontology, a Process is something whose \ spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages \ roughly perpendicular to the time-axis. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Physical subclass : Process #- - DualObjectProcess in: Any Process that requires two, \ nonidentical patients. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Process subclass : DualObjectProcess #- - Abstract in: Properties or qualities as distinguished from any \ particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium. \ Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical \ objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular \ place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Entity subclass : Abstract (is-disjointly-decomposed) whole : Abstract component : Quantity Attribute SetOrClass Relation Proposition #- - Quantity in: Any specification of how many or how much of \ something there is. Accordingly, there are two subclasses of Quantity: \ Number (how many) and PhysicalQuantity (how much). (is-subclass-of) superclass : Abstract subclass : Quantity #- - Attribute in: Qualities which we cannot or choose not to \ reify into subclasses of Object. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Abstract subclass : Attribute #- - property (BinaryPredicate) in: This Predicate holds between an instance of \ Entity and an instance of Attribute. (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR) \ means that ?ENTITY has the Attribute ?ATTR. (relation-has-domains) relation : property domain : Entity Attribute #- - attribute (AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: (attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that \ ?PROPERTY is a Attribute of ?OBJECT. For example, \ (attribute MyLittleRedWagon Red). (is-subclass-of) superclass : property subclass : attribute (relation-has-domains) relation : attribute domain : Object #- - manner (AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: (manner ?PROCESS ?MANNER) means that the \ Process ?PROCESS is qualified by the Attribute ?MANNER. The Attributes \ of Processes are usually denoted by adverbs and include things like the \ speed of the wind, the style of a dance, or the intensity of a sports \ competition. (is-subclass-of) superclass : property subclass : manner (relation-has-domains) relation : manner domain : Process #- - AbstractionFn (UnaryFunction PartialValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a Class into \ the instance of Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership \ in the Class. (relation-has-domains) relation : AbstractionFn domain : Class #- - ExtensionFn (UnaryFunction PartialValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps an Attribute \ into the Class whose condition for membership is the Attribute. (relation-has-domains) relation : ExtensionFn domain : Attribute #- - InternalAttribute in: Any Attribute of an Entity that is an \ internal property of the Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility, \ etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Attribute subclass : InternalAttribute #- - RelationalAttribute in: Any Attribute that an Entity has by \ virtue of a relationship that it bears to another Entity or set of Entities, \ e.g. SocialRoles and PositionalAttributes. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Attribute subclass : RelationalAttribute #- - Number in: A measure of how many things there are, or how\ much there is, of a certain kind. Numbers are subclassed into \ RealNumber, ComplexNumber, and ImaginaryNumber. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Quantity subclass : Number #- - lessThan (BinaryPredicate TransitiveRelation IrreflexiveRelation RelationExtendedToQuantities) in: (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just \ in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than the Quantity ?NUMBER2. (relation-has-domains) relation : lessThan domain : Quantity Quantity #- - greaterThan (BinaryPredicate TransitiveRelation IrreflexiveRelation RelationExtendedToQuantities) in: (greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true \ just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the Quantity \ ?NUMBER2. (relation-has-domains) relation : greaterThan domain : Quantity Quantity (are-inverse) relations : greaterThan lessThan #- - lessThanOrEqualTo (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation RelationExtendedToQuantities) in: (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) \ is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than or equal to \ the Quantity ?NUMBER2. (relation-has-domains) relation : lessThanOrEqualTo domain : Quantity Quantity #- - greaterThanOrEqualTo (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation RelationExtendedToQuantities) in: (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 \ ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater \ than the Quantity ?NUMBER2. (relation-has-domains) relation : greaterThanOrEqualTo domain : Quantity Quantity (are-inverse) relations : greaterThanOrEqualTo lessThanOrEqualTo #- - RealNumber in: Any Number that can be expressed as a \ (possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. any Number that has a position \ on the number line. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Number subclass : RealNumber #- - ImaginaryNumber in: Any Number that is the result of \ multiplying a RealNumber by the square root of -1. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Number subclass : ImaginaryNumber #- - RationalNumber in: Any RealNumber that is the product of \ dividing two Integers. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RealNumber subclass : RationalNumber #- - IrrationalNumber in: Any RealNumber that is not also a \ RationalNumber. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RealNumber subclass : IrrationalNumber #- - NonnegativeRealNumber in: A RealNumber that is greater than \ or equal to zero. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RealNumber subclass : NonnegativeRealNumber #- - PositiveRealNumber in: A RealNumber that is greater than \ zero. (is-subclass-of) superclass : NonnegativeRealNumber subclass : PositiveRealNumber #- - NegativeRealNumber in: A RealNumber that is less than \ zero. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RealNumber subclass : NegativeRealNumber #- - Integer in: A negative or nonnegative whole number. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RationalNumber subclass : Integer #- - EvenInteger in: An Integer that is evenly divisible \ by 2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Integer subclass : EvenInteger #- - OddInteger in: An Integer that is not evenly divisible \ by 2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Integer subclass : OddInteger #- - PrimeNumber in: An Integer that is evenly divisible only \ by itself and 1. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Integer subclass : PrimeNumber #- - NonnegativeInteger in: An Integer that is greater than \ or equal to zero. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Integer subclass : NonnegativeInteger (is-subclass-of) superclass : NonnegativeRealNumber subclass : NonnegativeInteger #- - NegativeInteger in: An Integer that is less than zero. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Integer subclass : NegativeInteger (is-subclass-of) superclass : NegativeRealNumber subclass : NegativeInteger #- - PositiveInteger in: An Integer that is greater than zero. (is-subclass-of) superclass : NonnegativeInteger subclass : PositiveInteger (is-subclass-of) superclass : PositiveRealNumber subclass : PositiveInteger #- - BinaryNumber in: Elements from the number system with base 2. \ Every BinaryNumber is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RealNumber subclass : BinaryNumber #- - ComplexNumber in: A Number that has the form: x + yi, where x \ and y are RealNumbers and i is the square root of -1. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Number subclass : ComplexNumber (are-disjoint) objects : ComplexNumber RealNumber #- - PhysicalQuantity in: A PhysicalQuantity is a measure of \ some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as 'the earth's \ diameter' (a constant length) and 'the stress in a loaded deformable \ solid' (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial \ coordinates). All PhysicalQuantities are either ConstantQuantities \ or FunctionQuantities. Instances of ConstantQuantity are dependent \ on a UnitOfMeasure, while instances of FunctionQuantity are \ Functions that map instances of ConstantQuantity to other instances \ of ConstantQuantity (e.g., TimeDependentQuantities are \ FunctionQuantities). Although the name and definition of \ PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, PhysicalQuantities need \ not be material. Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity, \ etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible. \ Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of PhysicalQuantity. \ PhysicalQuantities are distinguished from Numbers by the fact that \ the former are associated with a dimension of measurement. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Quantity subclass : PhysicalQuantity #- - ConstantQuantity in: A ConstantQuantity is a \ PhysicalQuantity which has a constant value, e.g. 3 meters and 5 hours. \ The magnitude (see MagnitudeFn) of every ConstantQuantity is a \ RealNumber. ConstantQuantities are distinguished from \ FunctionQuantities, which map ConstantQuantities to other \ ConstantQuantities. All ConstantQuantites are expressed with the \ BinaryFunction MeasureFn, which takes a Number and a UnitOfMeasure \ as arguments. For example, 3 Meters can be expressed as (MeasureFn 3 \ Meter). ConstantQuantities form a partial order (see \ PartialOrderingRelation) with the lessThan relation, since lessThan \ is a RelationExtendedToQuantities and lessThan is defined over the \ RealNumbers. The lessThan relation is not a total order (see \ TotalOrderingRelation) over the class ConstantQuantity since elements \ of some subclasses of ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities) \ are incomparable to elements of other subclasses of ConstantQuantity \ (such as mass quantities). (is-subclass-of) superclass : PhysicalQuantity subclass : ConstantQuantity #- - TimeMeasure in: The class of temporal durations (instances \ of TimeDuration) and positions of TimePoints and TimeIntervals along \ the universal timeline (instances of TimePosition). (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : TimeMeasure #- - TimeDuration in: Any measure of length of time, \ with or without respect to the universal timeline. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeMeasure subclass : TimeDuration #- - TimePosition in: Any TimePoint or TimeInterval \ along the universal timeline from NegativeInfinity to \ PositiveInfinity. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeMeasure subclass : TimePosition #- - TimeInterval in: An interval of time. Note that a \ TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the universal \ timeline. Note too that a TimeInterval has no gaps, i.e. this \ class contains only convex time intervals. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimePosition subclass : TimeInterval #- - TimePoint in: An extensionless point on the universal timeline. \ The TimePoints at which Processes occur can be known with various \ degrees of precision and approximation, but conceptually TimePoints are \ point-like and not interval-like. That is, it doesn't make sense to talk \ about how long a TimePoint lasts. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimePosition subclass : TimePoint #- - FunctionQuantity in: A FunctionQuantity is a PhysicalQuantity \ that is returned by a Function that maps from one or more instances of \ ConstantQuantity to another instance of ConstantQuantity. For example, \ the velocity of a particle would be represented by a FunctionQuantity \ relating values of time (which are ConstantQuantities) to values of distance \ (also ConstantQuantities). Note that all elements of the range of the \ Function corresponding to a FunctionQuantity have the same physical \ dimension as the FunctionQuantity itself. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PhysicalQuantity subclass : FunctionQuantity #- - UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity in: The class of FunctionQuantities \ that are returned by UnaryFunctions that map from the Class ConstantQuantity \ to the Class ConstantQuantity. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity #- - TimeDependentQuantity in: A UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity of \ continuous time. All instances of this Class are returned by Functions \ that map a time quantity into another ConstantQuantity such as temperature. \ For example, 'the temperature at the top of the Empire State Building' is a \ TimeDependentQuantity since its value depends on the time. (is-subclass-of) superclass : UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity subclass : TimeDependentQuantity #- - SetOrClass in: The SetOrClass of Sets and Classes, i.e. any instance \ of Abstract that has elements or instances. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Abstract subclass : SetOrClass #- - Class in: Classes differ from Sets in three important respects. \ First, Classes are not assumed to be extensional. That is, distinct \ Classes might well have exactly the same instances. Second, Classes typically \ have an associated `condition' that determines the instances of the Class. So, \ for example, the condition `human' determines the Class of Humans. Note that \ some Classes might satisfy their own condition (e.g., the Class of Abstract \ things is Abstract) and hence be instances of themselves. Third, the instances \ of a class may occur only once within the class, i.e. a class cannot contain \ duplicate instances. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SetOrClass subclass : Class #- - Set in: A SetOrClass that satisfies extensionality as well as\ other constraints specified by some choice of set theory. Sets differ \ from Classes in two important respects. First, Sets are extensional - \ two Sets with the same elements are identical. Second, a Set can be \ an arbitrary stock of objects. That is, there is no requirement that Sets \ have an associated condition that determines their membership. Note that Sets \ are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. elements of a Set may occur more \ than once in the Set. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SetOrClass subclass : Set #- - Relation in: The Class of relations. There are three kinds \ of Relation: Predicate, Function, and List. Predicates and \ Functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples. The difference between \ these two Classes is that Predicates cover formula-forming operators, while \ Functions cover term-forming operators. A List, on the other hand, is a \ particular ordered n-tuple. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Abstract subclass : Relation (is-disjointly-decomposed) whole : Relation component : BinaryRelation TernaryRelation QuaternaryRelation QuintaryRelation VariableArityRelation #- - SingleValuedRelation (InheritableRelation) in: A Relation is a SingleValuedRelation \ just in case an assignment of values to every argument position except the last \ one determines at most one assignment for the last argument position. Note \ that not all SingleValuedRelations are TotalValuedRelations. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : SingleValuedRelation #- - TotalValuedRelation (InheritableRelation) in: A Relation is a TotalValuedRelation \ just in case there exists an assignment for the last argument position of the \ Relation given any assignment of values to every argument position except \ the last one. Note that declaring a Relation to be both a TotalValuedRelation \ and a SingleValuedRelation means that it is a total function. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : TotalValuedRelation #- - PartialValuedRelation in: A Relation is a PartialValuedRelation \ just in case it is not a TotalValuedRelation, i.e. just in case assigning values \ to every argument position except the last one does not necessarily mean that there \ is a value assignment for the last argument position. Note that, if a Relation \ is both a PartialValuedRelation and a SingleValuedRelation, then it is a partial \ function. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : PartialValuedRelation #- - BinaryRelation (InheritableRelation) in: BinaryRelations are relations that are \ true only of pairs of things. BinaryRelations are represented as slots \ in frame systems. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : BinaryRelation #- - ReflexiveRelation in: Relation ?REL is reflexive if \ (?REL ?INST ?INST) for all ?INST. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : ReflexiveRelation #- - IrreflexiveRelation in: Relation ?REL is irreflexive \ if (?REL ?INST ?INST) holds for no value of ?INST. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : IrreflexiveRelation #- - SymmetricRelation in: A BinaryRelation ?REL is\ symmetric just in case (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) imples (?REL \ ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : SymmetricRelation #- - AsymmetricRelation in: A BinaryRelation is asymmetric only \ if it is both an AntisymmetricRelation and an IrreflexiveRelation. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IrreflexiveRelation subclass : AsymmetricRelation (is-subclass-of) superclass : AntisymmetricRelation subclass : AsymmetricRelation #- - AntisymmetricRelation in: BinaryRelation ?REL is an \ AntisymmetricRelation if for distinct ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 \ ?INST2) implies not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1). In other words, for all ?INST1 \ and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) imply that ?INST1 \ and ?INST2 are identical. Note that it is possible for an \ AntisymmetricRelation to be a ReflexiveRelation. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : AntisymmetricRelation #- - TrichotomizingRelation in: A BinaryRelation ?REL is a \ TrichotomizingRelation just in case all ordered pairs consisting of \ distinct individuals are elements of ?REL. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : TrichotomizingRelation #- - TransitiveRelation in: A BinaryRelation ?REL is transitive \ if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), \ for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : TransitiveRelation #- - IntransitiveRelation in: A BinaryRelation ?REL is \ intransitive only if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply not \ (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : IntransitiveRelation #- - PartialOrderingRelation in: A BinaryRelation is a partial \ ordering if it is a ReflexiveRelation, an AntisymmetricRelation, and \ a TransitiveRelation. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TransitiveRelation subclass : PartialOrderingRelation (is-subclass-of) superclass : AntisymmetricRelation subclass : PartialOrderingRelation (is-subclass-of) superclass : ReflexiveRelation subclass : PartialOrderingRelation #- - TotalOrderingRelation in: A BinaryRelation is a \ TotalOrderingRelation if it is a PartialOrderingRelation \ and a TrichotomizingRelation. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PartialOrderingRelation subclass : TotalOrderingRelation (is-subclass-of) superclass : TrichotomizingRelation subclass : TotalOrderingRelation #- - EquivalenceRelation in: A BinaryRelation is an equivalence \ relation if it is a ReflexiveRelation, a SymmetricRelation, and a \ TransitiveRelation. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TransitiveRelation subclass : EquivalenceRelation (is-subclass-of) superclass : SymmetricRelation subclass : EquivalenceRelation (is-subclass-of) superclass : ReflexiveRelation subclass : EquivalenceRelation #- - CaseRole (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Predicates relating the \ spatially distinguished parts of a Process. CaseRoles include, for \ example, the agent, patient or destination of an action, the flammable \ substance in a burning process, or the water that falls in rain. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryPredicate subclass : CaseRole (is-subclass-of) superclass : AsymmetricRelation subclass : CaseRole #- - agent (CaseRole) in: (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is \ an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the Process \ ?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention. For example, Eve is an \ agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple. (relation-has-domains) relation : agent domain : Process Agent #- - destination (CaseRole) in: (destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that \ ?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS. For example, \ Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition: Bob went \ to Danbury. Note that this is a very general CaseRole and, in \ particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'. \ Thus, John would be the destination in the following proposition: \ Tom gave a book to John. (relation-has-domains) relation : destination domain : Process Entity #- - experiencer (CaseRole) in: (experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means \ that ?AGENT experiences the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Yojo \ is the experiencer of seeing in the following proposition: Yojo \ sees the fish. Note that experiencer, unlike agent, does \ not entail a causal relation between its arguments. (relation-has-domains) relation : experiencer domain : Process Agent #- - instrument in: (instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) means that ?TOOL \ is used by an agent in bringing about ?EVENT and that ?TOOL is not \ changed by ?EVENT. For example, the key is an instrument in the \ following proposition: The key opened the door. Note that instrument \ and resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair. (is-subclass-of) superclass : patient subclass : instrument (relation-has-domains) relation : instrument domain : Process Object #- - origin (CaseRole) in: (origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE \ indicates where the ?Process began. Note that this relation implies \ that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not \ participate throughout the process. For example, the submarine is the \ origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a \ submarine. (relation-has-domains) relation : origin domain : Process Object #- - patient (CaseRole) in: (patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY \ is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc. \ For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the \ canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of patients. Note \ that the patient of a Process may or may not undergo structural \ change as a result of the Process. The CaseRole of patient is used \ when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a \ Process. (relation-has-domains) relation : patient domain : Process Entity #- - resource in: (resource ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) means that \ ?RESOURCE is present at the beginning of ?PROCESS, is used by ?PROCESS, \ and as a consequence is changed by ?PROCESS. For example, soap is a \ resource in the following proposition: the gun was carved out of soap. \ Note that resource differs from instrument, another subrelation of \ patient, in that its internal or physical properties are altered in \ some way by the Process. (is-subclass-of) superclass : patient subclass : resource (relation-has-domains) relation : resource domain : Process Object #- - result in: (result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT) means that ?OUTPUT is \ a product of ?ACTION. For example, house is a result in the \ following proposition: Eric built a house. (is-subclass-of) superclass : patient subclass : result (relation-has-domains) relation : result domain : Process Entity #- - InheritableRelation (Class) in: This is a Class of Classes. Each \ instance of InheritableRelation is a subclass of Relation whose \ properties can be inherited downward in the class hierarchy via the \ subrelation Predicate. #- - ProbabilityRelation (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Relations that \ permit assessment of the probability of an event or situation. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : ProbabilityRelation #- - ProbabilityFn (ProbabilityRelation TotalValuedRelation UnaryFunction AsymmetricRelation) in: One of the basic ProbabilityRelations, \ ProbabilityFn is used to state the a priori probability of a state of \ affairs. (ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA) denotes the a priori probability \ of ?FORMULA. (relation-has-domains) relation : ProbabilityFn domain : Formula #- - conditionalProbability (ProbabilityRelation TernaryPredicate) in: One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. \ conditionalProbability is used to state the numeric value of a conditional \ probability. (conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER) means \ that the probability of ?FORMULA2 being true given that ?FORMULA1 is true is \ ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : conditionalProbability domain : Formula Formula RealNumber #- - increasesLikelihood (ProbabilityRelation BinaryPredicate IrreflexiveRelation) in: One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. \ (increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is more \ likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true. (relation-has-domains) relation : increasesLikelihood domain : Formula Formula #- - decreasesLikelihood (ProbabilityRelation BinaryPredicate IrreflexiveRelation) in: One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. \ (decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is less \ likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true. (relation-has-domains) relation : decreasesLikelihood domain : Formula Formula #- - independentProbability (ProbabilityRelation BinaryPredicate SymmetricRelation) in: One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. \ (independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the probabilities of \ ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 being true are independent. (relation-has-domains) relation : independentProbability domain : Formula Formula #- - SpatialRelation (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Relations that are \ spatial in a wide sense. This Class includes mereological relations \ and topological relations. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : SpatialRelation #- - TemporalRelation (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of temporal Relations. \ This Class includes notions of (temporal) topology of intervals, \ (temporal) schemata, and (temporal) extension. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : TemporalRelation #- - IntentionalRelation (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Relations between \ an Agent and one or more Entities, where the Relation requires that \ the Agent have awareness of the Entity. #- - prefers (TernaryPredicate IntentionalRelation) in: (prefers ?AGENT ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that \ CognitiveAgent ?AGENT prefers the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA1\ over the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA2 all things being equal. (relation-has-domains) relation : prefers domain : CognitiveAgent Formula Formula #- - PropositionalAttitude (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of \ IntentionalRelations where the Agent has awareness of a \ Proposition. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalRelation subclass : PropositionalAttitude (is-subclass-of) superclass : AsymmetricRelation subclass : PropositionalAttitude #- - ObjectAttitude (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of IntentionalRelations \ where the Agent has awareness of an instance of Physical. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalRelation subclass : ObjectAttitude (are-disjoint) objects : ObjectAttitude PropositionalAttitude #- - inScopeOfInterest (BinaryPredicate IntentionalRelation) in: A very general Predicate. \ (inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the \ scope of interest of ?AGENT. Note that the interest indicated can be \ either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in \ avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY. (relation-has-domains) relation : inScopeOfInterest domain : CognitiveAgent Entity #- - needs (ObjectAttitude) in: (needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is \ physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT. (is-subclass-of) superclass : inScopeOfInterest subclass : needs (relation-has-domains) relation : needs domain : CognitiveAgent Physical #- - wants (ObjectAttitude) in: (wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT, \ i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals. Note that there is \ no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent. (is-subclass-of) superclass : inScopeOfInterest subclass : wants (relation-has-domains) relation : wants domain : CognitiveAgent Physical #- - desires (PropositionalAttitude) in: (desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants \ to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there \ is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true. \ Note too that desires is distinguished from wants only in that the former \ is a PropositionalAttitude, while wants is an ObjectAttitude. (is-subclass-of) superclass : inScopeOfInterest subclass : desires (relation-has-domains) relation : desires domain : CognitiveAgent Formula #- - considers (PropositionalAttitude) in: (considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT \ considers or wonders about the truth of the proposition expressed by \ ?FORMULA. (is-subclass-of) superclass : inScopeOfInterest subclass : considers (relation-has-domains) relation : considers domain : CognitiveAgent Formula #- - believes (PropositionalAttitude) in: The epistemic predicate of belief. \ (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT believes the proposition \ expressed by ?FORMULA. (is-subclass-of) superclass : inScopeOfInterest subclass : believes (relation-has-domains) relation : believes domain : CognitiveAgent Formula #- - knows (PropositionalAttitude) in: The epistemic predicate of knowing. (knows \ ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by \ ?FORMULA. Note that knows entails conscious awareness, so this \ Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or \ unconscious knowledge. (is-subclass-of) superclass : inScopeOfInterest subclass : knows (relation-has-domains) relation : knows domain : CognitiveAgent Formula #- - TernaryRelation (InheritableRelation) in: TernaryRelations relate three items. \ The two subclasses of TernaryRelation are TernaryPredicate and \ BinaryFunction. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : TernaryRelation #- - QuaternaryRelation (InheritableRelation) in: QuaternaryRelations relate four \ items. The two subclasses of QuaternaryRelation are \ QuaternaryPredicate and TernaryFunction. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : QuaternaryRelation #- - QuintaryRelation (InheritableRelation) in: QuintaryRelations relate five items. \ The two subclasses of QuintaryRelation are QuintaryPredicate and \ QuaternaryFunction. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : QuintaryRelation #- - List in: Every List is a particular ordered n-tuple of \ items. Generally speaking, Lists are created by means of the ListFn \ Function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a \ List with the items in the same order. Anything, including other \ Lists, may be an item in a List. Note too that Lists are \ extensional - two lists that have the same items in the same order are \ identical. Note too that a List may contain no items. In that case, \ the List is the NullList. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : List #- - UniqueList in: A List in which no item appears more than once, \ i.e. a List for which there are no distinct numbers ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 \ such that (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) and (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) \ return the same value. (is-subclass-of) superclass : List subclass : UniqueList #- - NullList (List) in: The List that has no items. The uniqueness of \ NullList follows from the extensionality of Lists, i.e. the fact that \ two Lists with the same items in the same order are identical. #- - ListFn (Function VariableArityRelation TotalValuedRelation) in: A Function that takes any number of arguments and \ returns the List containing those arguments in exactly the same order. #- - ListOrderFn (BinaryFunction PartialValuedRelation) in: (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER) denotes the item \ that is in the ?NUMBER position in the List ?LIST. For example, \ (ListOrderFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday) 2) would return the \ value Tuesday. (relation-has-domains) relation : ListOrderFn domain : List PositiveInteger #- - ListLengthFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A Function that takes a List as its sole \ argument and returns the number of items in the List. For example, \ (ListLengthFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would return the \ value 3. (relation-has-domains) relation : ListLengthFn domain : List #- - ListConcatenateFn (BinaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A Function that returns the concatenation \ of the two Lists that are given as arguments. For example, the value of \ (ListConcatenateFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday) (ListFn Wednesday \ Thursday)) would be (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday). (relation-has-domains) relation : ListConcatenateFn domain : List List #- - inList (BinaryPredicate IrreflexiveRelation AsymmetricRelation) in: The analog of element and instance for Lists. \ (inList ?OBJ ?LIST) means that ?OBJ is in the List ?LIST. For example, \ (inList Tuesday (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would be true. (relation-has-domains) relation : inList domain : Entity List #- - subList (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: (subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a \ sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and \ the elements that are common to both Lists have the same order in both \ Lists. (relation-has-domains) relation : subList domain : List List #- - initialList (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: (initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 \ is a subList of ?LIST2 and (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) returns the same \ value as (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER) for all of the values of ?NUMBER over \ which (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) is defined. (is-subclass-of) superclass : subList subclass : initialList #- - identicalListItems (BinaryPredicate EquivalenceRelation) in: (identicalListItems ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 have exactly the same items in their respective lists. Although ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 are required to share exactly the same items, they may order these items differently. (relation-has-domains) relation : identicalListItems domain : List List #- - Predicate (InheritableRelation) in: A Predicate is a sentence-forming Relation. \ Each tuple in the Relation is a finite, ordered sequence of objects. \ The fact that a particular tuple is an element of a Predicate is denoted \ by '(*predicate* arg_1 arg_2 .. arg_n)', where the arg_i are the \ objects so related. In the case of BinaryPredicates, the fact can\ be read as `arg_1 is *predicate* arg_2' or `a *predicate* of\ arg_1 is arg_2'. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : Predicate #- - Function (InheritableRelation) in: A Function is a term-forming Relation that \ maps from a n-tuple of arguments to a range and that associates this \ n-tuple with at most one range element. Note that the range is a SetOrClass, \ and each element of the range is an instance of the SetOrClass. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SingleValuedRelation subclass : Function #- - UnaryFunction (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Functions that require a \ single argument. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Function subclass : UnaryFunction (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : UnaryFunction #- - OneToOneFunction in: The Class of UnaryFunctions which \ are one to one. A function F is one to one just in case for all X, Y in the \ domain of F, if X is not identical to Y, then F(X) is not identical to F(Y). (is-subclass-of) superclass : UnaryFunction subclass : OneToOneFunction #- - SequenceFunction in: The Class of OneToOneFunctions whose range \ is a subclass of the PositiveIntegers. (is-subclass-of) superclass : OneToOneFunction subclass : SequenceFunction #- - BinaryFunction (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Functions that require \ two arguments. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Function subclass : BinaryFunction (is-subclass-of) superclass : TernaryRelation subclass : BinaryFunction #- - AssociativeFunction in: A BinaryFunction is associative if \ bracketing has no effect on the value returned by the Function. More \ precisely, a Function ?FUNCTION is associative just in case \ (?FUNCTION ?INST1 (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to \ (?FUNCTION (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, \ and ?INST3. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryFunction subclass : AssociativeFunction #- - CommutativeFunction in: A BinaryFunction is commutative if \ the ordering of the arguments of the function has no effect on the value \ returned by the function. More precisely, a function ?FUNCTION is \ commutative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) is equal to (?FUNCTION \ ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryFunction subclass : CommutativeFunction #- - TernaryFunction (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Functions that require \ exactly three arguments. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Function subclass : TernaryFunction (is-subclass-of) superclass : QuaternaryRelation subclass : TernaryFunction #- - QuaternaryFunction (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Functions that require \ exactly four arguments. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Function subclass : QuaternaryFunction (is-subclass-of) superclass : QuintaryRelation subclass : QuaternaryFunction #- - ContinuousFunction in: Functions which are continuous. \ This concept is taken as primitive until representations for limits \ are devised. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Function subclass : ContinuousFunction #- - BinaryPredicate (InheritableRelation) in: A Predicate relating two items - its \ valence is two. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Predicate subclass : BinaryPredicate (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : BinaryPredicate #- - TernaryPredicate (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Predicates that require \ exactly three arguments. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Predicate subclass : TernaryPredicate (is-subclass-of) superclass : TernaryRelation subclass : TernaryPredicate #- - QuaternaryPredicate (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Predicates that \ require four arguments. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Predicate subclass : QuaternaryPredicate (is-subclass-of) superclass : QuaternaryRelation subclass : QuaternaryPredicate #- - QuintaryPredicate (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Predicates that \ require five arguments. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Predicate subclass : QuintaryPredicate (is-subclass-of) superclass : QuintaryRelation subclass : QuintaryPredicate #- - VariableArityRelation in: The Class of Relations that \ do not have a fixed number of arguments. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : VariableArityRelation #- - RelationExtendedToQuantities (InheritableRelation) in: A \ RelationExtendedToQuantities is a Relation that, when it is true on \ a sequence of arguments that are RealNumbers, it is also true on a \ sequence of ConstantQuantites with those magnitudes in some unit of \ measure. For example, the lessThan relation is extended to quantities. \ This means that for all pairs of quantities ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2, \ (lessThan ?QUANTITY1 ?QUANTITY2) if and only if, for some ?NUMBER1, \ ?NUMBER2, and ?UNIT, ?QUANTITY1 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT), \ ?QUANTITY2 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT), and (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2), \ for all units ?UNIT on which ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2 can be measured. \ Note that, when a RelationExtendedToQuantities is extended from \ RealNumbers to ConstantQuantities, the ConstantQuantities must be \ measured along the same physical dimension. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : RelationExtendedToQuantities #- - Proposition in: Propositions are Abstract entities that \ express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts. As an example, \ the formula '(instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the Proposition that the \ entity named Yojo is an element of the Class of Cats. Note that \ propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual \ sentences of a Language. They may encompass the content expressed by \ theories, books, and even whole libraries. It is important to distinguish \ Propositions from the ContentBearingObjects that express them. A \ Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, \ but a ContentBearingObject is an Object that represents this information. \ A Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: \ strings, sounds, icons, etc. For example, the Proposition that the cat is \ on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed \ on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence \ of sounds or by some non-latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form (is-subclass-of) superclass : Abstract subclass : Proposition #- - closedOn (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A BinaryFunction is closed on a SetOrClass \ if it is defined for all instances of the SetOrClass and its value is \ always an instance of the SetOrClass. (relation-has-domains) relation : closedOn domain : Function SetOrClass #- - reflexiveOn (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A BinaryRelation is reflexive on a \ SetOrClass only if every instance of the SetOrClass bears the relation \ to itself. (relation-has-domains) relation : reflexiveOn domain : BinaryRelation SetOrClass #- - irreflexiveOn (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A BinaryRelation is irreflexive on a \ SetOrClass only if no instance of the SetOrClass bears the relation to \ itself. (relation-has-domains) relation : irreflexiveOn domain : BinaryRelation SetOrClass #- - partialOrderingOn (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A BinaryRelation is a partial \ ordering on a SetOrClass only if the relation is reflexiveOn the \ SetOrClass, and it is both an AntisymmetricRelation, and a \ TransitiveRelation. (relation-has-domains) relation : partialOrderingOn domain : BinaryRelation SetOrClass #- - totalOrderingOn (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A BinaryRelation ?REL is a total \ ordering on a SetOrClass only if it is a partial ordering for which either \ (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) or (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) for every ?INST1 and ?INST2 \ in the SetOrClass. (relation-has-domains) relation : totalOrderingOn domain : BinaryRelation SetOrClass #- - trichotomizingOn (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A BinaryRelation ?REL is \ trichotomizing on a SetOrClass only if, for all instances ?INST1 and ?INST2 \ of the SetOrClass, at least one of the following holds: (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2),\ (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) or (equal ?INST1 ?INST2). (relation-has-domains) relation : trichotomizingOn domain : BinaryRelation SetOrClass #- - equivalenceRelationOn (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A BinaryRelation is an \ equivalenceRelationOn a SetOrClass only if the relation is reflexiveOn \ the SetOrClass and it is both a TransitiveRelation and a \ SymmetricRelation. (relation-has-domains) relation : equivalenceRelationOn domain : BinaryRelation SetOrClass #- - distributes (BinaryPredicate BinaryRelation) in: A BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION1 is \ distributive over another BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION2 just in case \ (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 (?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to \ (?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3)), \ for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. (relation-has-domains) relation : distributes domain : BinaryFunction BinaryFunction #- - causes (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: The causation relation between instances of Process. \ (causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the instance of Process ?PROCESS1 \ brings about the instance of Process ?PROCESS2. (relation-has-domains) relation : causes domain : Process Process #- - causesSubclass (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: The causation relation between subclasses of Process. \ (causesSubclass ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the subclass of Process ?PROCESS1 \ brings about the subclass of Process ?PROCESS2, e.g. (causesSubclass Killing \ Death). #- - copy (BinaryPredicate EquivalenceRelation) in: relates an Object to an exact copy of the \ Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original \ with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal \ location. (relation-has-domains) relation : copy domain : Object Object #- - time (BinaryPredicate TemporalRelation AsymmetricRelation) in: This relation holds between an instance of \ Physical and an instance of TimePosition just in case the temporal \ lifespan of the former includes the latter. In other words, (time\ ?THING ?TIME) means that ?THING existed or occurred at ?TIME. Note \ that time does for instances of Physical what holdsDuring does \ for instances of Formula. The constants located and time are \ the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively. (relation-has-domains) relation : time domain : Physical TimePosition #- - holdsDuring (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: (holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) means that the \ proposition denoted by ?FORMULA is true in the time frame ?TIME. Note \ that this implies that ?FORMULA is true at every TimePoint which is a \ temporalPart of ?TIME. (relation-has-domains) relation : holdsDuring domain : TimePosition Formula #- - capability (TernaryPredicate) in: (capability ?PROCESS ?ROLE ?OBJ) means \ that ?OBJ has the ability to play the role of ?ROLE in Processes of \ type ?PROCESS. (relation-has-domains) relation : capability domain : CaseRole Object #- - exploits (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: (exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT) means that ?OBJ is used \ by ?AGENT as a resource in an unspecified instance of Process. This \ Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the \ relations agent and resource. (relation-has-domains) relation : exploits domain : Object Agent #- - hasPurpose (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: This Predicate expresses the concept of a \ conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agent's intention. \ Accordingly, (hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of \ Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the Proposition expressed by \ ?FORMULA. Note that there is an important difference in meaning between \ the Predicates hasPurpose and result. Although the second argument \ of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, \ a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result \ may be neither expected nor desired. For example, a machine process may \ have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no \ goal; a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on. (relation-has-domains) relation : hasPurpose domain : Physical Formula #- - hasPurposeForAgent (TernaryPredicate) in: Expresses a cognitive attitude of an \ agent with respect to a particular instance of Physical. More precisely, \ (hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?FORMULA ?AGENT) means that the purpose of \ ?THING for ?AGENT is the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Very complex \ issues are involved here. In particular, the rules of inference of the \ first order predicate calculus are not truth-preserving for the second \ argument position of this Predicate. (relation-has-domains) relation : hasPurposeForAgent domain : Physical Formula CognitiveAgent #- - hasSkill (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: Similar to the capability Predicate \ with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/\ demonstrated to some measurable degree. (relation-has-domains) relation : hasSkill domain : Agent #- - confersNorm (TernaryPredicate) in: Expresses the relationship between a Formula, \ an Entity, and an ObjectiveNorm when the Entity brings it about that \ the Formula has the ObjectiveNorm. (relation-has-domains) relation : confersNorm domain : Entity Formula ObjectiveNorm #- - deprivesNorm (TernaryPredicate) in: Expresses the relationship between an \ Entity, a Formula, and an ObjectiveNorm when the Entity \ brings it about that the Formula does not have the ObjectiveNorm. (relation-has-domains) relation : deprivesNorm domain : Entity Formula ObjectiveNorm #- - partlyLocated (SpatialRelation AntisymmetricRelation BinaryPredicate) in: (partlyLocated ?THING ?OBJ) means that the \ instance of Physical ?THING is at least partially located at ?OBJ. For \ example, Istanbul is partly located in Asia and partly located in Europe. \ Note that partlyLocated is the most basic localization relation: located \ is an immediate subrelation of partlyLocated and exactlyLocated is \ an immediate subrelation of located. (relation-has-domains) relation : partlyLocated domain : Physical Object #- - located (AntisymmetricRelation TransitiveRelation) in: (located ?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is partlyLocated \ at ?OBJ, and there is no part or subProcess of ?PHYS that is not located at \ ?OBJ. (is-subclass-of) superclass : partlyLocated subclass : located #- - exactlyLocated in: The actual, minimal location of an \ Object. This is a subrelation of the more general Predicate \ located. (is-subclass-of) superclass : located subclass : exactlyLocated #- - between (SpatialRelation TernaryPredicate) in: (between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that ?OBJ2 is \ spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3. Note that this implies that \ ?OBJ2 is directly between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3, i.e. the projections of ?OBJ1 \ and ?OBJ3 overlap with ?OBJ2. (relation-has-domains) relation : between domain : Object Object Object #- - traverses (BinaryPredicate SpatialRelation) in: (traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 \ crosses or extends across ?OBJ2. Note that crosses and \ penetrates are subrelations of traverses. (relation-has-domains) relation : traverses domain : Object Object #- - crosses (AsymmetricRelation TransitiveRelation) in: (crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that \ Object ?OBJ1 traverses Object ?OBJ2, without being connected \ to it. (is-subclass-of) superclass : traverses subclass : crosses #- - penetrates (AsymmetricRelation IntransitiveRelation) in: (penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that \ ?OBJ1 is connected to ?OBJ2 along at least one whole dimension (length, \ width or depth). (is-subclass-of) superclass : traverses subclass : penetrates (is-subclass-of) superclass : meetsSpatially subclass : penetrates #- - WhereFn (BinaryFunction SpatialRelation TotalValuedRelation) in: Maps an Object and a TimePoint at which the \ Object exists to the Region where the Object existed at that \ TimePoint. (relation-has-domains) relation : WhereFn domain : Physical TimePoint #- - possesses (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: Relation that holds between an Agent and \ an Object when the Agent has ownership of the Object. (relation-has-domains) relation : possesses domain : Agent Object #- - PropertyFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to the \ Set of Objects owned by the Agent. (relation-has-domains) relation : PropertyFn domain : Agent #- - precondition (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation TransitiveRelation) in: A very general Predicate. (precondition \ ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC2 can exist only if an \ instance of ?PROC1 also exists. #- - inhibits (BinaryPredicate IrreflexiveRelation) in: A very general Predicate. (inhibits \ ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that the Process ?PROC1 inhibits or hinders \ the occurrence of the Process ?PROC2. For example, obstructing an \ object inhibits moving it. Note that this is a relation between types \ of Processes, not between instances. #- - prevents (BinaryPredicate IrreflexiveRelation) in: A very general Predicate. (prevents ?PROC1 \ ?PROC2) means that ?PROC1 prevents the occurrence of ?PROC2. In other \ words, if ?PROC1 is occurring in a particular time and place, ?PROC2 \ cannot occur at the same time and place. For example, innoculating \ prevents contracting disease. Note that this is a relation between types \ of Processes, not between instances. #- - refers (BinaryPredicate) in: (refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 \ mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that refers is \ more general in meaning than represents, because presumably something \ can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. \ For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of \ oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy, \ the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options \ for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, \ etc. (relation-has-domains) relation : refers domain : Entity Entity #- - names in: (names ?STRING ?ENTITY) means that the thing ?ENTITY \ has the SymbolicString ?STRING as its name. Note that names and represents \ are the two immediate subrelations of refers. The predicate names is used \ when the referring item is merely a tag without connotative content, while the \ predicate represents is used for referring items that have such content. (is-subclass-of) superclass : refers subclass : names (relation-has-domains) relation : names domain : SymbolicString #- - uniqueIdentifier (SingleValuedRelation) in: The class of names that uniquely identify \ an instance of Entity. Some examples of uniqueIdentifiers are the keys \ of tables in database applications and the ISBN (International Standard Book \ Number). (is-subclass-of) superclass : names subclass : uniqueIdentifier #- - represents in: A very general semiotics Predicate. \ (represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way indicates, \ expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY. The Predicates \ containsInformation and realization are subrelations of represents. \ Note that represents is a subrelation of refers, since something can \ represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. See the \ documentation string for names. (is-subclass-of) superclass : refers subclass : represents #- - representsForAgent (TernaryPredicate) in: A very general predicate. \ (representsForAgent ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2 ?AGENT) means that the ?AGENT \ chooses to use ?ENTITY1 to 'stand for' ?ENTITY2. (relation-has-domains) relation : representsForAgent domain : Entity Entity Agent #- - representsInLanguage (TernaryPredicate) in: A very general predicate. \ (representsInLanguage ?THING ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE) means that the \ LinguisticExpression ?THING stands for ?ENTITY in the Language \ ?LANGUAGE. (relation-has-domains) relation : representsInLanguage domain : LinguisticExpression Entity Language #- - equivalentContentClass (EquivalenceRelation) in: A BinaryPredicate that relates two \ subclasses of ContentBearingObject. (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 \ ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1 is \ also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2, and vice versa. An example \ would be the relationship between English and Russian editions of Agatha \ Christie's 'Murder on the Orient Express'. Note that \ (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) implies (subsumesContentClass \ ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) and (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1). (is-subclass-of) superclass : subsumesContentClass subclass : equivalentContentClass #- - subsumesContentClass (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: A BinaryPredicate that relates two \ subclasses of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 \ ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2 is \ also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1. Examples include the \ relationship between a poem and one of its stanzas or between a book and \ one of its chapters. Note that this is a relation between subclasses of \ ContentBearingObject, rather than instances. If one wants to relate \ instances, the Predicate subsumesContentInstance can be used. Note \ that subsumesContentClass is needed in many cases. Consider, for \ example, the relation between the King James edition of the Bible and its \ Book of Genesis. This relation holds for every copy of this edition and \ not just for a single instance. #- - equivalentContentInstance (EquivalenceRelation) in: A BinaryPredicate relating two \ instances of ContentBearingObject. (equivalentContentInstance \ ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ1 is identical to \ the content expressed by ?OBJ2. An example would be the relationship \ between a handwritten draft of a letter to one's lawyer and a typed \ copy of the same letter. Note that (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 \ ?OBJ2) implies (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and \ (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2). (is-subclass-of) superclass : subsumesContentInstance subclass : equivalentContentInstance (relation-has-domains) relation : equivalentContentInstance domain : ContentBearingObject ContentBearingObject #- - subsumesContentInstance (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: A BinaryPredicate relating two \ instances of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) \ means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed \ by ?OBJ1. An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and \ one of its stanzas. Note that this is a relation between instances, \ rather than Classes. If one wants to assert a content relationship \ between Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a \ part of that work, the relation subsumesContentClass should be used. (relation-has-domains) relation : subsumesContentInstance domain : ContentBearingObject ContentBearingObject #- - realization (AsymmetricRelation) in: A subrelation of represents. \ (realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) means that ?PROCESS is a Process which \ expresses the content of ?PROP. Examples include a particular musical \ performance, which realizes the content of a musical score, or the \ reading of a poem. (is-subclass-of) superclass : represents subclass : realization (relation-has-domains) relation : realization domain : Process Proposition #- - expressedInLanguage (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: (expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANG) \ means that the LinguisticExpression ?EXPRESS is part of the Language \ ?LANG. (relation-has-domains) relation : expressedInLanguage domain : LinguisticExpression Language #- - subProposition (BinaryPredicate TransitiveRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: (subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that \ ?PROP1 is a Proposition which is a proper part of the Proposition ?PROP2. \ In other words, subProposition is the analogue of properPart for chunks \ of abstract content. (relation-has-domains) relation : subProposition domain : Proposition Proposition #- - subPlan (TransitiveRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: (subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1 \ is a Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2. This relation is generally \ used to relate a supporting Plan to the overall Plan in a particular \ context. (is-subclass-of) superclass : subProposition subclass : subPlan (relation-has-domains) relation : subPlan domain : Plan Plan #- - uses (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: (uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by \ ?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified Process. This Predicate, \ as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the CaseRoles \ agent and instrument. (relation-has-domains) relation : uses domain : Object Agent #- - MultiplicationFn (BinaryFunction AssociativeFunction CommutativeFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities TotalValuedRelation) in: If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, \ then (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical product \ of these numbers. (relation-has-domains) relation : MultiplicationFn domain : Quantity Quantity #- - AdditionFn (BinaryFunction AssociativeFunction CommutativeFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities TotalValuedRelation) in: If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, then \ (AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical sum of these \ numbers. (relation-has-domains) relation : AdditionFn domain : Quantity Quantity #- - SubtractionFn (BinaryFunction AssociativeFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities TotalValuedRelation) in: If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, \ then (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical difference \ between ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 minus ?NUMBER2. An \ exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 is equal to 0, in which case \ (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the negation of ?NUMBER2. (relation-has-domains) relation : SubtractionFn domain : Quantity Quantity #- - DivisionFn (BinaryFunction AssociativeFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities PartialValuedRelation) in: If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, then \ (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the result of dividing ?NUMBER1 by \ ?NUMBER2. Note that when ?NUMBER1 = 1 (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) \ is the reciprocal of ?NUMBER2. Note too that (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 \ ?NUMBER2) is undefined when ?NUMBER2 = 0. (relation-has-domains) relation : DivisionFn domain : Quantity Quantity #- - AbsoluteValueFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: The value of (AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER) \ is the absolute value of the RealNumber ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : AbsoluteValueFn domain : RealNumber #- - CeilingFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (CeilingFn ?NUMBER) returns the smallest \ Integer greater than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : CeilingFn domain : RealNumber #- - CosineFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the \ PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the \ side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle. (relation-has-domains) relation : CosineFn domain : PlaneAngleMeasure #- - DenominatorFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (DenominatorFn ?NUMBER) returns the \ denominator of the canonical reduced form of the RealNumber ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : DenominatorFn domain : RealNumber #- - ExponentiationFn (BinaryFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities TotalValuedRelation) in: (ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns \ the RealNumber ?NUMBER raised to the power of the Integer ?INT. (relation-has-domains) relation : ExponentiationFn domain : Quantity Integer #- - FloorFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest Integer \ less than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : FloorFn domain : RealNumber #- - GreatestCommonDivisorFn (Function VariableArityRelation PartialValuedRelation) in: (GreatestCommonDivisorFn \ ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the greatest common divisor of \ ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER. #- - ImaginaryPartFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns \ the part of ?NUMBER that has the square root of -1 as its factor. (relation-has-domains) relation : ImaginaryPartFn domain : ComplexNumber #- - IntegerSquareRootFn (UnaryFunction PartialValuedRelation) in: (IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER) \ returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : IntegerSquareRootFn domain : RealNumber #- - LeastCommonMultipleFn (Function PartialValuedRelation VariableArityRelation) in: (LeastCommonMultipleFn \ ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the least common multiple of \ ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER. #- - LogFn (BinaryFunction) in: (LogFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the logarithm of the \ RealNumber ?NUMBER in the base denoted by the Integer ?INT. (relation-has-domains) relation : LogFn domain : RealNumber PositiveInteger #- - MaxFn (BinaryFunction AssociativeFunction CommutativeFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities TotalValuedRelation) in: (MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the largest of \ ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, \ MaxFn returns one of its arguments. (relation-has-domains) relation : MaxFn domain : Quantity Quantity #- - MinFn (BinaryFunction AssociativeFunction CommutativeFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities TotalValuedRelation) in: (MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the smallest of \ ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, \ MinFn returns one of its arguments. (relation-has-domains) relation : MinFn domain : Quantity Quantity #- - NumeratorFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (NumeratorFn ?NUMBER) returns the numerator \ of the canonical reduced form ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : NumeratorFn domain : RealNumber #- - Pi (PositiveRealNumber) in: Pi is the RealNumber that \ is the ratio of the perimeter of a circle to its diameter. It is \ approximately equal to 3.141592653589793. #- - NumberE (PositiveRealNumber) in: NumberE is the RealNumber that is the base for \ natural logarithms. It is approximately equal to 2.718282. #- - RationalNumberFn (UnaryFunction) in: (RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns \ the rational representation of ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : RationalNumberFn domain : Number #- - RealNumberFn (UnaryFunction) in: (RealNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of \ ?NUMBER that is a RealNumber. (relation-has-domains) relation : RealNumberFn domain : Number #- - ReciprocalFn (UnaryFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities TotalValuedRelation) in: (ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) is the reciprocal \ element of ?NUMBER with respect to the multiplication operator \ (MultiplicationFn), i.e. 1/?NUMBER. Not all numbers have a reciprocal \ element. For example the number 0 does not. If a number ?NUMBER has a \ reciprocal ?RECIP, then the product of ?NUMBER and ?RECIP will be \ 1, e.g. 3*1/3 = 1. The reciprocal of an element is equal to \ applying the ExponentiationFn function to the element to the power \ -1. (relation-has-domains) relation : ReciprocalFn domain : Quantity #- - RemainderFn (BinaryFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities PartialValuedRelation) in: (RemainderFn ?NUMBER ?DIVISOR) is the \ remainder of the number ?NUMBER divided by the number ?DIVISOR. \ The result has the same sign as ?DIVISOR. (relation-has-domains) relation : RemainderFn domain : Quantity Quantity #- - RoundFn (UnaryFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities TotalValuedRelation) in: (RoundFn ?NUMBER) is the Integer closest \ to ?NUMBER on the number line. If ?NUMBER is halfway between two \ Integers (for example 3.5), it denotes the larger Integer. (relation-has-domains) relation : RoundFn domain : Quantity #- - SignumFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (SignumFn ?NUMBER) denotes the sign of ?NUMBER. \ This is one of the following values: -1, 1, or 0. (relation-has-domains) relation : SignumFn domain : RealNumber #- - SineFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (SineFn ?DEGREE) is the sine of the \ PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The sine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side \ opposite ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle. (relation-has-domains) relation : SineFn domain : PlaneAngleMeasure #- - SquareRootFn (UnaryFunction) in: (SquareRootFn ?NUMBER) is the principal \ square root of ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : SquareRootFn domain : RealNumber #- - TangentFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (TangentFn ?DEGREE) is the tangent of the \ PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The tangent of ?DEGREE is the ratio of \ the side opposite ?DEGREE to the side next to ?DEGREE in a right-angled \ triangle. (relation-has-domains) relation : TangentFn domain : PlaneAngleMeasure #- - identityElement (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: An object ?ID is the identity element \ for BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION just in case, for every instance ?INST, \ applying ?FUNCTION to ?INST and ?ID results in ?INST. (relation-has-domains) relation : identityElement domain : BinaryFunction Entity #- - SuccessorFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to \ its successor, e.g. the successor of 5 is 6. (relation-has-domains) relation : SuccessorFn domain : Integer #- - PredecessorFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to \ its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4. (relation-has-domains) relation : PredecessorFn domain : Integer #- - subset in: (subset ?SET1 ?SET2) is true just in case the \ elements of the Set ?SET1 are also elements of the Set ?SET2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : subclass subclass : subset (relation-has-domains) relation : subset domain : Set Set #- - element (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation IntransitiveRelation) in: (element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case \ ?ENTITY is contained in the Set ?SET. An Entity can be an element \ of another Entity only if the latter is a Set. (is-subclass-of) superclass : instance subclass : element (relation-has-domains) relation : element domain : Entity Set #- - UnionFn (BinaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A BinaryFunction that maps two SetOrClasses to \ the union of these SetOrClasses. An object is an element of the union \ of two SetOrClasses just in case it is an instance of either SetOrClass. (relation-has-domains) relation : UnionFn domain : SetOrClass SetOrClass #- - IntersectionFn (BinaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A BinaryFunction that maps two \ SetOrClasses to the intersection of these SetOrClasses. An object is \ an instance of the intersection of two SetOrClasses just in case it is \ an instance of both of those SetOrClasses. (relation-has-domains) relation : IntersectionFn domain : SetOrClass SetOrClass #- - RelativeComplementFn (BinaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A BinaryFunction that maps two \ SetOrClasses to the difference between these SetOrClasses. More \ precisely, (RelativeComplementFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) denotes the instances \ of ?CLASS1 that are not also instances of ?CLASS2. (relation-has-domains) relation : RelativeComplementFn domain : SetOrClass SetOrClass #- - ComplementFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: The complement of a given SetOrClass C is the \ SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C. In other words, an \ object is an instance of the complement of a SetOrClass C just in case it \ is not an instance of C. (relation-has-domains) relation : ComplementFn domain : SetOrClass #- - GeneralizedUnionFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that takes a SetOrClass \ of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which is the \ merge of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. the SetOrClass \ containing just those instances which are instances of an instance of the \ original SetOrClass. #- - GeneralizedIntersectionFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that takes a \ SetOrClass of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which \ is the intersection of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. \ the SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of all \ instances of the original SetOrClass. #- - CardinalityFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation AsymmetricRelation) in: (CardinalityFn ?CLASS) returns the \ number of instances in the SetOrClass ?CLASS or the number of \ members in the ?CLASS Collection. #- - NullSet in: Any SetOrClass that contains no instances. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SetOrClass subclass : NullSet #- - NonNullSet in: Any SetOrClass that contains at least one \ instance. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SetOrClass subclass : NonNullSet #- - FiniteSet in: A Set containing a finite number of elements. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Set subclass : FiniteSet #- - PairwiseDisjointClass in: A SetOrClass is a PairwiseDisjointClass \ just in case every instance of the SetOrClass is either equal to or disjoint \ from every other instance of the SetOrClass. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SetOrClass subclass : PairwiseDisjointClass #- - MutuallyDisjointClass in: A SetOrClass is a MutuallyDisjointClass \ just in case there exists nothing which is an instance of all of the instances of \ the original SetOrClass. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SetOrClass subclass : MutuallyDisjointClass #- - KappaFn (BinaryFunction) in: A class-forming operator that takes two \ arguments: a variable and a formula containing at least one unbound \ occurrence of the variable. The result of applying KappaFn to a \ variable and a formula is the SetOrClass of things that satisfy the formula. \ For example, we can denote the SetOrClass of prime numbers that are less \ than 100 with the following expression: (KappaFn ?NUMBER \ (and (instance ?NUMBER PrimeNumber) (lessThan ?NUMBER 100))). Note that \ the use of this function is discouraged, since there is currently no \ axiomatic support for it. (relation-has-domains) relation : KappaFn domain : SymbolicString Formula #- - Graph in: The Class of graphs, where a graph is understood \ to be a set of GraphNodes connected by GraphArcs. Note that this \ Class includes only connected graphs, i.e. graphs in which there is a \ GraphPath between any two GraphNodes. Note too that every Graph \ is assumed to contain at least two GraphArcs and three GraphNodes. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Abstract subclass : Graph #- - DirectedGraph in: The Class of directed graphs. A \ directed graph is a Graph in which all GraphArcs\ have direction, i.e. every GraphArc has an initial node (see \ InitialNodeFn) and a terminal node (see TerminalNodeFn). (is-subclass-of) superclass : Graph subclass : DirectedGraph #- - Tree in: A Tree is a DirectedGraph that has no \ GraphLoops. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Graph subclass : Tree #- - GraphPath in: Informally, a single, directed route between \ two GraphNodes in a Graph. Formally, a DirectedGraph that is a \ subGraph of the original Graph and such that no two GraphArcs in \ the DirectedGraph have the same intial node (see InitialNodeFn) or \ the same terminal node (see TerminalNodeFn). (is-subclass-of) superclass : DirectedGraph subclass : GraphPath #- - GraphCircuit in: A GraphPath that begins (see \ BeginNodeFn) and ends (see EndNodeFn) at the same \ GraphNode. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GraphPath subclass : GraphCircuit #- - MultiGraph in: The Class of multigraphs. A multigraph \ is a Graph containing at least one pair of GraphNodes that are \ connected by more than one GraphArc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Graph subclass : MultiGraph #- - PseudoGraph in: The Class of pseudographs. A pseudograph \ is a Graph containing at least one GraphLoop. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Graph subclass : PseudoGraph #- - GraphElement in: Noncompositional parts of Graphs. \ These parts are restricted to GraphNodes and GraphArcs. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Abstract subclass : GraphElement #- - GraphNode in: Graphs are comprised of GraphNodes \ and GraphArcs. Every GraphNode is linked by a GraphArc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GraphElement subclass : GraphNode #- - GraphArc in: Graphs are comprised of GraphNodes \ and GraphArcs. Every GraphArc links two GraphNodes. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GraphElement subclass : GraphArc #- - GraphLoop in: A GraphArc in which a GraphNode is \ linked to itself. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GraphArc subclass : GraphLoop #- - links (TernaryPredicate) in: a TernaryPredicate that specifies the \ GraphArc connecting two GraphNodes. (relation-has-domains) relation : links domain : GraphNode GraphNode GraphArc #- - graphPart (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: A basic relation for Graphs and their \ parts. (graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH) means that ?PART is a GraphArc \ or GraphNode of the Graph ?GRAPH. (relation-has-domains) relation : graphPart domain : GraphElement Graph #- - subGraph (BinaryPredicate ReflexiveRelation TransitiveRelation) in: The relation between two Graphs when one \ Graph is a part of the other. (subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2) means \ that ?GRAPH1 is a part of ?GRAPH2. (relation-has-domains) relation : subGraph domain : Graph Graph #- - pathLength (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: A BinaryPredicate that specifies the \ length (in number of GraphNodes) of a GraphPath.\ (pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER) means that there are ?NUMBER nodes in \ the GraphPath ?PATH. (relation-has-domains) relation : pathLength domain : GraphPath PositiveInteger #- - InitialNodeFn (UnaryFunction PartialValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a \ GraphArc to the initial node of the GraphArc. Note\ that this is a partial function. In particular, the function is \ undefined for GraphArcs that are not part of a DirectedGraph. (relation-has-domains) relation : InitialNodeFn domain : GraphArc #- - TerminalNodeFn (UnaryFunction PartialValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a \ GraphArc to the terminal node of the GraphArc. Note that this \ is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined \ for GraphArcs that are not part of a DirectedGraph. (relation-has-domains) relation : TerminalNodeFn domain : GraphArc #- - BeginNodeFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphPath \ to the GraphNode that is the beginning of the GraphPath. Note that, \ unlike InitialNodeFn (which relates a GraphArc to a GraphNode), \ BeginNodeFn is a total function - every GraphPath has a beginning. (relation-has-domains) relation : BeginNodeFn domain : GraphPath #- - EndNodeFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphPath \ to the GraphNode that is the end of the GraphPath. Note that, unlike \ TerminalNodeFn (which relates a GraphArc to a GraphNode), \ EndNodeFn is a total function - every GraphPath has a end. (relation-has-domains) relation : EndNodeFn domain : GraphPath #- - arcWeight (BinaryPredicate SingleValuedRelation) in: This predicate indicates the value of a \ GraphArc in a Graph. This could map to the length of a road in \ a road network or the flow rate of a pipe in a plumbing system. (relation-has-domains) relation : arcWeight domain : GraphArc RealNumber #- - PathWeightFn (UnaryFunction) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a \ GraphPath to the sum of the arcWeights on the GraphArcs in \ the GraphPath. (relation-has-domains) relation : PathWeightFn domain : GraphPath #- - MinimalWeightedPathFn (BinaryFunction) in: This BinaryFunction assigns two \ GraphNodes to the GraphPath with the smallest sum of weighted arcs \ between the two GraphNodes. (relation-has-domains) relation : MinimalWeightedPathFn domain : GraphNode GraphNode #- - MaximalWeightedPathFn (BinaryFunction) in: This BinaryFunction assigns two \ GraphNodes to the GraphPath with the largest sum of weighted arcs \ between the two GraphNodes. (relation-has-domains) relation : MaximalWeightedPathFn domain : GraphNode GraphNode #- - GraphPathFn (BinaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A BinaryFunction that maps two GraphNodes \ to the Class of GraphPaths between those two nodes. Note that the two \ GraphNodes must belong to the same Graph. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GraphPath subclass : GraphPathFn (relation-has-domains) relation : GraphPathFn domain : GraphNode GraphNode #- - CutSetFn (UnaryFunction) in: A UnaryFunction that assigns a Graph the \ Class of GraphPaths that partition the graph into two separate \ graphs if cut. There may be more than one cutset for a given graph. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GraphPath subclass : CutSetFn (relation-has-domains) relation : CutSetFn domain : Graph #- - MinimalCutSetFn (UnaryFunction) in: A UnaryFunction that assigns a Graph \ the Class of GraphPaths which comprise cutsets for the Graph and \ which have the least number of GraphArcs. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GraphPath subclass : MinimalCutSetFn (relation-has-domains) relation : MinimalCutSetFn domain : Graph #- - UnitOfMeasure in: A standard of measurement for some dimension. \ For example, the Meter is a UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length, \ as is the Inch. There is no intrinsic property of a UnitOfMeasure that \ makes it primitive or fundamental; rather, a system of units (e.g. \ SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and \ assigns units for each. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PhysicalQuantity subclass : UnitOfMeasure #- - SystemeInternationalUnit in: The Class of Systeme \ International (SI) units. (is-subclass-of) superclass : UnitOfMeasure subclass : SystemeInternationalUnit #- - LengthMeasure in: The Class of ConstantQuantities relating \ to length. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : LengthMeasure #- - MassMeasure in: The Class of ConstantQuantities relating \ to the amount of matter in an Object. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : MassMeasure #- - AreaMeasure in: Measures of the amount of space in two \ dimensions. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : AreaMeasure #- - VolumeMeasure in: Measures of the amount of space in three \ dimensions. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : VolumeMeasure #- - TemperatureMeasure in: Measures of temperature. \ In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the \ average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : TemperatureMeasure #- - CurrencyMeasure in: Includes all standard measures of monetary \ value, including UnitedStatesDollar, UnitedStatesCent, Lire, Yen, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : CurrencyMeasure #- - AngleMeasure in: The value of an angle in a plane or in a \ solid. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : AngleMeasure #- - PlaneAngleMeasure in: The value of an angle in a plane. (is-subclass-of) superclass : AngleMeasure subclass : PlaneAngleMeasure #- - SolidAngleMeasure in: The value of an angle in a solid. (is-subclass-of) superclass : AngleMeasure subclass : SolidAngleMeasure (are-disjoint) objects : SolidAngleMeasure PlaneAngleMeasure #- - MeasureFn (BinaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: This BinaryFunction maps a RealNumber and \ a UnitOfMeasure to that Number of units. It is used for expressing \ ConstantQuantities. For example, the concept of three meters is \ represented as (MeasureFn 3 Meter). (relation-has-domains) relation : MeasureFn domain : RealNumber UnitOfMeasure #- - KiloFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into \ a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. \ For example, (KiloFn Gram) is 1,000 Grams. (relation-has-domains) relation : KiloFn domain : UnitOfMeasure #- - MegaFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into \ a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000 units of the original \ UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MegaFn Hertz) is 1,000,000 Hertz. (relation-has-domains) relation : MegaFn domain : UnitOfMeasure #- - GigaFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into \ a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000 units of the original \ UnitOfMeasure. For example, (GigaFn Hertz) is 1,000,000,000 Hertz. (relation-has-domains) relation : GigaFn domain : UnitOfMeasure #- - TeraFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure \ into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 units of the original \ UnitOfMeasure. For example, (TeraFn Hertz) is 1,000,000,000,000 Hertz. (relation-has-domains) relation : TeraFn domain : UnitOfMeasure #- - MilliFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into \ a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. \ For example, (MilliFn Gram) is .001 Grams. (relation-has-domains) relation : MilliFn domain : UnitOfMeasure #- - MicroFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into \ a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. \ For example, (MicroFn Meter) is .000001 Meters. (relation-has-domains) relation : MicroFn domain : UnitOfMeasure #- - NanoFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into \ a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000001 units of the original \ UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MicroFn SecondDuration) is .000000001 \ SecondDurations. (relation-has-domains) relation : NanoFn domain : UnitOfMeasure #- - PicoFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into \ a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000000001 units of the original \ UnitOfMeasure. For example, (PicoFn SecondDuration) is .000000000001 \ SecondDurations. (relation-has-domains) relation : PicoFn domain : UnitOfMeasure #- - IntervalFn (BinaryFunction) in: A BinaryFunction that maps two ConstantQuantities \ to the Class of ConstantQuantities that comprise the interval from the first \ ConstantQuantity to the second ConstantQuantity. For example, (IntervalFn \ (MeasureFn 8 Meter) (MeasureFn 14 Meter)) would return the Class of \ ConstantQuantities between 8 and 14 meters in length. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : IntervalFn (relation-has-domains) relation : IntervalFn domain : ConstantQuantity ConstantQuantity #- - MagnitudeFn (UnaryFunction) in: The magnitude of a ConstantQuantity is the \ numeric value for the quantity. In other words, MagnitudeFn converts \ a ConstantQuantity with an associated UnitOfMeasure into an ordinary \ RealNumber. For example, the magnitude of the ConstantQuantity 2 \ Kilometers is the RealNumber 2. Note that the magnitude of a \ quantity in a given unit times that unit is equal to the original \ quantity. (relation-has-domains) relation : MagnitudeFn domain : ConstantQuantity #- - PerFn (BinaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: PerFn maps two instances of ConstantQuantity to the FunctionQuantity composed of these two instances. For example, (PerFn (MeasureFn 2 (MicroFn Gram)) (MeasureFn 1 (KiloFn Gram))) denotes the FunctionQuantity of \ 2 micrograms per kiogram. This function is useful, because it allows the knowledge \ engineer to dynamically generate instances of FunctionQuantity. (relation-has-domains) relation : PerFn domain : ConstantQuantity ConstantQuantity #- - DensityFn (TotalValuedRelation) in: DensityFn maps an instance of MassMeasure \ and an instance of VolumeMeasure to the density represented by this \ proportion of mass and volume. For example, (DensityFn (MeasureFn 3 Gram) \ (MeasureFn 1 Liter)) represents the density of 3 grams per liter. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PerFn subclass : DensityFn (relation-has-domains) relation : DensityFn domain : MassMeasure VolumeMeasure #- - SpeedFn (TotalValuedRelation) in: Maps an instance of LengthMeasure and an instance of \ TimeDuration to the speed represented by this proportion of distance and time. \ For example, (SpeedFn (MeasureFn 55 Mile)(MeasureFn 1 HourDuration)) \ represents the velocity of 55 miles per hour. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PerFn subclass : SpeedFn (relation-has-domains) relation : SpeedFn domain : LengthMeasure TimeDuration #- - VelocityFn (QuaternaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: Specifies the velocity of an object, i.e. the speed \ and the direction of the speed. For example (VelocityFn (MeasureFn 55 Mile) \ (MeasureFn 2 HourDuration) ?REFERENCE North) denotes the velocity of 55 miles \ per hour North of the given reference point ?REFERENCE. (relation-has-domains) relation : VelocityFn domain : LengthMeasure TimeDuration Region DirectionalAttribute #- - Meter (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI LengthMeasure. Symbol: m. It is one of the\ base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the Meter \ is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time \ interval of 1/299792458 of a SecondDuration. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LengthMeasure subclass : Meter #- - Gram (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: Submultiple of kilogram. Symbol: g. \ 1 kilogram = 1000 Grams. (is-subclass-of) superclass : MassMeasure subclass : Gram #- - SecondDuration (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI TimeDuration. Symbol: s. \ It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as \ follows: the SecondDuration is the duration of 9192631770 periods of \ the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine \ levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDuration subclass : SecondDuration #- - Ampere (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI electric current measure. Symbol: A. It is \ one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the Ampere is \ that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel \ conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and \ placed 1 Meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors \ a force equal to 2*10^(-7) Newton per Meter of length. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Ampere #- - KelvinDegree (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI TemperatureMeasure. Symbol: K. \ It is one of the base units in SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system). \ Kelvin differs from the Celsius scale in that the triple point of water \ is defined to be 273.16 KelvinDegrees while it is 0 CelsiusDegrees. \ The magnitudes of intervals in the two scales are the same. By definition \ the conversion constant is 273.15. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TemperatureMeasure subclass : KelvinDegree #- - Mole (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI amount of substance unit. symbol: mol. It is one \ of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the Mole is the \ amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities \ as there are atoms in 0.012 Kilograms of carbon 12. Note that, when this \ UnitOfMeasure is used, the elementary entities must be specified - they \ may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, etc. or groups of such \ particles. (is-subclass-of) superclass : MassMeasure subclass : Mole #- - Candela (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI luminosity intensity measure. Symbol: cd. \ It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as \ follows: the Candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, \ of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540*10^12 \ Hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 \ Watt per Steradian. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Candela #- - Liter (UnitOfMeasure) in: Unit of volume in the metric system. It is currently \ defined to be equal to one cubic decimeter (0.001 cubic meter). Symbol: l. (is-subclass-of) superclass : VolumeMeasure subclass : Liter #- - Centimeter (UnitOfMeasure) in: Submultiple of Meter. Symbol: cm. It is \ the 100th part of a Meter (is-subclass-of) superclass : LengthMeasure subclass : Centimeter #- - Radian (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI plane angle measure. Symbol: rad. It is the \ angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circle's \ radius. Another definition is: the plane angle between two radii of a \ circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the \ radius. Radian = m/m = 1. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PlaneAngleMeasure subclass : Radian #- - Steradian (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI solid angle measure. Symbol: sr. It is \ the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose \ area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius. Another definition \ is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere, \ cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square \ with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. Steradian = \ m^2/m^2 = 1. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SolidAngleMeasure subclass : Steradian #- - Hertz (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI frequency measure. Symbol: Hz. It is the \ number of cycles per second. Hertz = s^(-1). Note that Hertz \ does not have a conversion function. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDependentQuantity subclass : Hertz #- - Newton (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI force measure. Symbol: N. It is that force \ which gives to a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 Meter per \ SecondDuration. Newton = m*kg*s^(-2). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Newton #- - Pascal (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI pressure measure. Symbol:Pa. It is the \ pressure of one Newton per square Meter. Pascal = N/m^2 \ = m^(-1)*kg*s^(-2). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Pascal #- - Joule (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI energy measure. Symbol: J. It is the work \ done when the point of application of 1 Newton is displaced a distance \ of 1 Meter in the direction of the force. Joule = N*m = \ m^2*kg*s^(-2). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Joule #- - Watt (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI power measure. Symbol: W. A UnitOfMeasure \ that measures power, i.e. energy produced or expended divided by \ TimeDuration. It is the power which gives rise to the production \ of energy (or work) at the rate of one Joule per SecondDuration. \ Watt = J/s = m^2*kg*s^(-3). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Watt #- - Coulomb (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI electric charge measure. Symbol: C. It is \ the quantity of electric charge transported through a cross section of \ a conductor in an electric circuit during each SecondDuration by a \ current of 1 Ampere. Coulomb = s*A. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDependentQuantity subclass : Coulomb #- - Volt (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI electric potential measure. Symbol: V. It is \ the difference of electric potential between two points of a conducting \ wire carrying a constant current of 1 Ampere, when the power dissipated \ between these points is equal to 1 Watt. Volt = W/A = \ m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-1). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Volt #- - Farad (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI capacitance measure. Symbol: F. It is the \ capacitance of a capacitator between the plates of which there appears \ a difference of potential of 1 Volt when it is charged by a quantity \ of electricity equal to 1 Coulomb. Farad = C/V = \ m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^4*A^2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Farad #- - Ohm (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI electric resistance measure. It is the electric\ resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference \ of potential of 1 Volt, applied between these two points,\ produces in this conductor a current of 1 Ampere, this conductor not\ being the force of any electromotive force. Ohm = V/A = \ m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-2). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Ohm #- - Siemens (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI electric conductance measure. Symbol: S. \ In the case of direct current, the conductance in Siemens is the \ reciprocal of the resistance in Ohms; in the case of alternating current, \ it is the reciprocal of the impedance in ohms. siemens = A/V = \ m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^(3)*A^2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Siemens #- - Weber (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI magnetic flux measure. Symbol: Wb. It is the \ magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an\ electromotive force of 1 Volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform\ rate in 1 SecondDuration. Weber = V*s = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Weber #- - Tesla (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI magnetic flux density measure. Symbol: T.\ One Tesla equals one Weber per square Meter. Tesla = Wb/m^2 = \ kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Tesla #- - Henry (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI inductance measure. Symbol: H. One Henry \ is equivalent to one Volt divided by one Ampere per SecondDuration. \ If a current changing at the rate of one Ampere per SecondDuration \ induces an electromotive force of one Volt, the circuit has an \ inductance of one Henry. Henry = Wb/A = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-2). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Henry #- - CelsiusDegree (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: A TemperatureMeasure. The freezing point \ and the boiling point of water are, respectively, 0 CelsiusDegrees and 100 \ CelsiusDegrees. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TemperatureMeasure subclass : CelsiusDegree #- - Lumen (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI luminous flux measure. Symbol: lm. It is the \ amount streaming outward through one solid angle of 1 Steradian from a \ uniform point source having an intensity of one Candela. Lumen = \ cd*sr = cd * 1. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Lumen #- - Lux (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI illuminance measure. Symbol: lx. It is the \ amount of illumination provided when one Lumen is evenly distributed \ over an area of 1 square Meter. This is also equivalent to the \ illumination that would exist on a surface all points of which are one \ Meter from a point source of one Candela. Lux = lm/m^2 = \ m^(-2)*cd. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Lux #- - Becquerel (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI activity measure. Symbol: Bq. It measures \ the amount of radioactivity contained in a given sample of matter. It is \ that quantity of a radioactive element in which there is one atomic \ disintegration per SecondDuration. Becquerel = s^(-1). (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDependentQuantity subclass : Becquerel #- - Gray (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI absorbed dose measure. Symbol: Gy. It measures \ the dose of radiation absorbed in living tissue. It is equal approximately \ to the absorbed dose delivered when the energy per unit mass imparted to\ matter by ionizing radiation is 1 Joule per kilogram. Gray = J/kg \ = m^2*s^(-2). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Gray #- - Sievert (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI dose equivalent measure. Symbol: Sv. It is \ a unit of biologic dose of ionizing radiation. The Sievert makes it \ possible to normalize doses of different types of radiation. It takes \ into account the relative biologic effectiveness of ionizing radiation, \ since each form of such radiation--e.g., X rays, gamma rays, neutrons--\ has a slightly different effect on living tissue for a given absorbed \ dose. The dose equivalent of a given type of radiation (in Sievert) is \ the dose of the radiation in Gray multiplied by a quality factor that \ is based on the relative biologic effectiveness of the radiation. \ Accordingly, one Sievert is generally defined as the amount of radiation \ roughly equivalent in biologic effectiveness to one Gray of gamma \ radiation. Sievert = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2) (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Sievert #- - DayDuration (UnitOfMeasure) in: Time unit. 1 day = 24 hours. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDuration subclass : DayDuration #- - HourDuration (UnitOfMeasure) in: Time unit. 1 hour = 60 minutes. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDuration subclass : HourDuration #- - MinuteDuration (UnitOfMeasure) in: Time unit. 1 minute = 60 seconds. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDuration subclass : MinuteDuration #- - WeekDuration (UnitOfMeasure) in: Time unit. A week's duration is seven days. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDuration subclass : WeekDuration #- - MonthDuration (UnitOfMeasure) in: Time unit. A month's duration is at least\ 28 days, and no more than 31 days. Note that this unit is a range, rather\ than an exact amount, unlike most other units. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDuration subclass : MonthDuration #- - YearDuration (UnitOfMeasure) in: Time unit. one calendar year. 1 year =\ 365 days = 31536000 seconds. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDuration subclass : YearDuration #- - Amu (UnitOfMeasure) in: Atomic mass unit. Symbol: u. It is the mass of \ the twelfth part of an atom of the Carbon 12 isotope. (is-subclass-of) superclass : MassMeasure subclass : Amu #- - ElectronVolt (UnitOfMeasure) in: The ElectronVolt is an energy measure. \ Symbol: eV. It is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing \ through a potential difference of 1 Volt in a vacuum. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : ElectronVolt #- - Angstrom (UnitOfMeasure) in: The Angstrom is a LengthMeasure. \ 1 Angstrom = 10^(-10) m (is-subclass-of) superclass : LengthMeasure subclass : Angstrom #- - FootLength (UnitOfMeasure) in: English length unit of feet. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LengthMeasure subclass : FootLength #- - Inch (UnitOfMeasure) in: English length unit of inches. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LengthMeasure subclass : Inch #- - Mile (UnitOfMeasure) in: English length unit of miles. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LengthMeasure subclass : Mile #- - UnitedStatesGallon (UnitOfMeasure) in: Unit of volume commonly used in the \ United States. (is-subclass-of) superclass : VolumeMeasure subclass : UnitedStatesGallon #- - Quart (UnitOfMeasure) in: English unit of volume equal to 1/4 of a \ UnitedStatesGallon. (is-subclass-of) superclass : VolumeMeasure subclass : Quart #- - Pint (UnitOfMeasure) in: English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a \ Quart. (is-subclass-of) superclass : VolumeMeasure subclass : Pint #- - Cup (UnitOfMeasure) in: English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a \ Pint. (is-subclass-of) superclass : VolumeMeasure subclass : Cup #- - Ounce (UnitOfMeasure) in: English unit of volume equal to 1/8 of a \ Cup. (is-subclass-of) superclass : VolumeMeasure subclass : Ounce #- - UnitedKingdomGallon (UnitOfMeasure) in: Unit of volume commonly used in the \ United Kingdom. (is-subclass-of) superclass : VolumeMeasure subclass : UnitedKingdomGallon #- - AtomGram (UnitOfMeasure) in: MassMeasure that is also known as the gram-atom. \ Defined as the mass in grams of 1 Mole of pure substance. For example, \ 1 AtomGram of Carbon 12 will be 12 Grams of pure Carbon 12. 2 AtomGrams \ of the same substance will be 24 Grams of it. This is an unusual unit in \ that it is essentially 1 Mole of 'stuff' measured in grams, so that the \ actual value (i.e. mass) depends on the type of substance. (is-subclass-of) superclass : MassMeasure subclass : AtomGram #- - PoundMass (UnitOfMeasure) in: English mass unit of pounds. (is-subclass-of) superclass : MassMeasure subclass : PoundMass #- - Slug (UnitOfMeasure) in: English mass unit of slugs. (is-subclass-of) superclass : MassMeasure subclass : Slug #- - RankineDegree (UnitOfMeasure) in: A TemperatureMeasure. Note \ that 0 RankineDegrees is the same as the absolute zero (i.e. 0 \ KelvinDegrees). (is-subclass-of) superclass : TemperatureMeasure subclass : RankineDegree #- - FahrenheitDegree (UnitOfMeasure) in: A TemperatureMeasure that is commonly \ used in the United States. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point \ of water is 32 FahrenheitDegrees, and the boiling point of water is \ 212 FahrenheitDegrees. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TemperatureMeasure subclass : FahrenheitDegree #- - PoundForce (UnitOfMeasure) in: English pound of force. The conversion\ factor depends on the local value of the acceleration of free fall. A\ mean value is used in the conversion axiom associated with this \ constant. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : PoundForce #- - Calorie (UnitOfMeasure) in: A Calorie is an energy measure. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Calorie #- - BritishThermalUnit (UnitOfMeasure) in: An energy measure. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : BritishThermalUnit #- - AngularDegree (UnitOfMeasure) in: A plane angle measure. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PlaneAngleMeasure subclass : AngularDegree #- - UnitedStatesDollar (UnitOfMeasure) in: A currency measure. (is-subclass-of) superclass : CurrencyMeasure subclass : UnitedStatesDollar #- - UnitedStatesCent (UnitOfMeasure) in: A currency measure. 1 UnitedStatesCent is \ equal to .01 UnitedStatesDollars. (is-subclass-of) superclass : CurrencyMeasure subclass : UnitedStatesCent #- - EuroDollar (UnitOfMeasure) in: A currency measure of most European Union countries. (is-subclass-of) superclass : CurrencyMeasure subclass : EuroDollar #- - EuroCent (UnitOfMeasure) in: A currency measure. 1 EuroCent is equal to .01 \ EuroDollars. (is-subclass-of) superclass : CurrencyMeasure subclass : EuroCent #- - InformationMeasure in: Measures of the amount of information. \ Includes Bit, Byte, and multiples of these, e.g. KiloByte and \ MegaByte. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : InformationMeasure #- - Bit (UnitOfMeasure) in: One Bit of information. A one or a zero. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InformationMeasure subclass : Bit #- - Byte (UnitOfMeasure) in: One Byte of information. A Byte is eight \ Bits. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InformationMeasure subclass : Byte #- - KiloByte (UnitOfMeasure) in: One KiloByte (KB) of information. One \ KiloByte is 1024 Bytes. Note that this sense of 'kilo' is \ different from the one accepted in the SI system. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InformationMeasure subclass : KiloByte #- - MegaByte (UnitOfMeasure) in: One MegaByte (MB) of information. One \ MegaByte is 1024 KiloBytes. Note that this sense of 'mega' is \ different from the one accepted in the SI system. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InformationMeasure subclass : MegaByte #- - measure (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A very general Predicate for asserting that a \ particular Object is measured by a particular ConstantQuantity. \ In general, the second argument of this Predicate will be an instance \ of the Function MeasureFn. (relation-has-domains) relation : measure domain : Object PhysicalQuantity #- - age (SingleValuedRelation) in: Simply relates an Object to a ConstantQuantity \ specifying the age of the Object. (is-subclass-of) superclass : measure subclass : age (relation-has-domains) relation : age domain : TimeDuration #- - length in: BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure \ of an Object from one point to another point along its surface. Note \ that the difference between the predicates length and distance is that \ the length is used to state the LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of \ a single object, while distance is used to state the LengthMeasure that \ separates two distinct objects (is-subclass-of) superclass : measure subclass : length (relation-has-domains) relation : length domain : LengthMeasure #- - width (SingleValuedRelation) in: BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure \ of an Object from side to side at its widest span. (is-subclass-of) superclass : length subclass : width #- - height in: The height of an Object is the distance between \ its top and its bottom. (is-subclass-of) superclass : length subclass : height (relation-has-domains) relation : height domain : SelfConnectedObject LengthMeasure #- - diameter in: BinaryPredicate that is used to state the \ measure of a circular Object from side to side. (is-subclass-of) superclass : width subclass : diameter #- - distance (SingleValuedRelation SpatialRelation TernaryPredicate) in: (distance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?QUANT) means that the \ shortest distance between the two objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 is ?QUANT. Note \ that the difference between the predicates length and distance is that \ the length is used to state the LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of \ a single object, while distance is used to state the LengthMeasure that \ separates two distinct objects. (relation-has-domains) relation : distance domain : Physical Physical LengthMeasure #- - altitude (SingleValuedRelation) in: A TernaryPredicate that is used to state the distance\ between the top of an Object and another point that is below the top of the \ Object (often this other point will be sea level). Note that this Predicate can \ be used to specify, for example, the height of geographic features, e.g. mountains, \ the altitude of aircraft, and the orbit of satellites around the Earth. (is-subclass-of) superclass : distance subclass : altitude #- - depth (SingleValuedRelation) in: A TernaryPredicate that is used to state the distance\ between the top of an Object and another point that is above the top of the \ Object (often this other point will be sea level). Note that this Predicate can \ be used to specify, for example, the depth of marine life or submarines, for example. (is-subclass-of) superclass : distance subclass : depth #- - larger (BinaryPredicate SpatialRelation TransitiveRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: (larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is \ larger, with respect to all LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2. (relation-has-domains) relation : larger domain : Object Object #- - smaller (BinaryPredicate SpatialRelation TransitiveRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: (smaller ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 \ is smaller, with respect to all LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2. (relation-has-domains) relation : smaller domain : Object Object (are-inverse) relations : smaller larger #- - monetaryValue (SingleValuedRelation) in: A BinaryPredicate that associates an \ Object or Process with its value expressed as an instance of \ CurrencyMeasure. (is-subclass-of) superclass : measure subclass : monetaryValue (relation-has-domains) relation : monetaryValue domain : Physical CurrencyMeasure #- - WealthFn (UnaryFunction) in: A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to a \ CurrencyMeasure specifying the value of the property owned by the Agent. \ Note that this Function is generally used in conjunction with the \ Function PropertyFn, e.g. (WealthFn (PropertyFn BillGates)) would \ return the monetary value of the sum of Bill Gates' holdings. (relation-has-domains) relation : WealthFn domain : Agent #- - PositiveInfinity (TimePoint) in: The TimePoint that is after \ all other TimePoints. #- - NegativeInfinity (TimePoint) in: The TimePoint that is before \ all other TimePoints. #- - duration (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation TotalValuedRelation) in: (duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the \ duration of the TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME. Note that this \ Predicate can be used in conjunction with the Function WhenFn \ to specify the duration of any instance of Physical. (relation-has-domains) relation : duration domain : TimeInterval TimeDuration #- - frequency (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: (frequency ?PROC ?TIME) means that the \ Process type of ?PROC recurs after every interval of ?TIME. (relation-has-domains) relation : frequency domain : TimeDuration #- - temporalPart (BinaryPredicate TemporalRelation PartialOrderingRelation) in: The temporal analogue of the spatial part predicate. \ (temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2) means that TimePosition ?POS1 is part of TimePosition ?POS2. Note that since temporalPart is a ReflexiveRelation every TimePostion is a \ temporalPart of itself. (relation-has-domains) relation : temporalPart domain : TimePosition TimePosition #- - BeginFn (TemporalRelation UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to \ the TimePoint at which the interval begins. (relation-has-domains) relation : BeginFn domain : TimeInterval #- - EndFn (TemporalRelation UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to \ the TimePoint at which the interval ends. (relation-has-domains) relation : EndFn domain : TimeInterval #- - starts (TemporalRelation TransitiveRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: (starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that \ ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same \ initial TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : temporalPart subclass : starts (relation-has-domains) relation : starts domain : TimeInterval TimeInterval #- - finishes (TemporalRelation TransitiveRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: (finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that \ ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same \ ending TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL2 begins before ?INTERVAL1. (is-subclass-of) superclass : temporalPart subclass : finishes (relation-has-domains) relation : finishes domain : TimeInterval TimeInterval #- - before (TemporalRelation IrreflexiveRelation TransitiveRelation) in: (before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 \ precedes ?POINT2 on the universal timeline. (is-subclass-of) superclass : beforeOrEqual subclass : before (relation-has-domains) relation : before domain : TimePoint TimePoint #- - beforeOrEqual (BinaryPredicate TemporalRelation PartialOrderingRelation) in: (beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 \ is identical with ?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline. (relation-has-domains) relation : beforeOrEqual domain : TimePoint TimePoint #- - temporallyBetween (TemporalRelation TernaryPredicate) in: (temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2 \ ?POINT3) means that the TimePoint ?POINT2 is between the TimePoints \ ?POINT1 and ?POINT3, i.e. ?POINT1 is before ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before \ ?POINT3. (is-subclass-of) superclass : temporallyBetweenOrEqual subclass : temporallyBetween (relation-has-domains) relation : temporallyBetween domain : TimePoint TimePoint TimePoint #- - temporallyBetweenOrEqual (TemporalRelation TernaryPredicate) in: (temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2 \ ?POINT3) means that the TimePoint ?POINT1 is before or equal to the \ TimePoint ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before or equal to the TimePoint \ ?POINT3. (relation-has-domains) relation : temporallyBetweenOrEqual domain : TimePoint TimePoint TimePoint #- - overlapsTemporally (BinaryPredicate TemporalRelation ReflexiveRelation SymmetricRelation) in: (overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 \ ?INTERVAL2) means that the TimeIntervals ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 \ have a TimeInterval as a common part. (relation-has-domains) relation : overlapsTemporally domain : TimeInterval TimeInterval #- - during (TransitiveRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: (during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that \ ?INTERVAL1 starts after and ends before ?INTERVAL2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : temporalPart subclass : during (is-subclass-of) superclass : overlapsTemporally subclass : during (relation-has-domains) relation : during domain : TimeInterval TimeInterval #- - meetsTemporally (BinaryPredicate TemporalRelation AsymmetricRelation IntransitiveRelation) in: (meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) \ means that the terminal point of the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 is the \ initial point of the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2. (relation-has-domains) relation : meetsTemporally domain : TimeInterval TimeInterval #- - earlier (BinaryPredicate TemporalRelation TransitiveRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: (earlier ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that \ the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 ends before the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2 \ begins. (relation-has-domains) relation : earlier domain : TimeInterval TimeInterval #- - cooccur (BinaryPredicate TemporalRelation EquivalenceRelation) in: (cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2) means that the \ Object or Process ?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with, \ or jointly with the Object or Process ?THING2. This covers the \ following temporal relations: is co-incident with, is concurrent with, \ is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with. (relation-has-domains) relation : cooccur domain : Physical Physical #- - TimeIntervalFn (BinaryFunction TemporalRelation) in: A BinaryFunction that takes two TimePoints \ as arguments and returns the TimeInterval defined by these two TimePoints. \ Note that the first TimePoint must occur earlier than the second TimePoint. (relation-has-domains) relation : TimeIntervalFn domain : TimePoint TimePoint #- - RecurrentTimeIntervalFn (TemporalRelation BinaryFunction) in: A function that is useful for generating \ recurring time intervals. For example, (RecurrentTimeIntervalFn (HourFn 6 Day) \ (HourFn 12 Day)) returns the Class of TimeIntervals beginning at 6 in the \ morning and ending at 12 noon. For another example, (RecurrentTimeInterval \ Saturday Sunday) returns the Class of all weekends. For still another example, \ (RecurrentTimeInterval June August) returns the Class containing the academic \ summer period. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeInterval subclass : RecurrentTimeIntervalFn #- - WhenFn (TemporalRelation UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps an Object or \ Process to the exact TimeInterval during which it exists. Note \ that, for every TimePoint ?TIME outside of the TimeInterval \ (WhenFn ?THING), (time ?THING ?TIME) does not hold. (relation-has-domains) relation : WhenFn domain : Physical #- - PastFn (TemporalRelation UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition \ to the TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at \ NegativeInfinity. (relation-has-domains) relation : PastFn domain : TimePosition #- - ImmediatePastFn (TemporalRelation UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a \ TimePosition to a short, indeterminate TimeInterval that \ immediately precedes the TimePosition. (relation-has-domains) relation : ImmediatePastFn domain : TimePosition #- - FutureFn (TemporalRelation UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition \ to the TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at \ PositiveInfinity. (relation-has-domains) relation : FutureFn domain : TimePosition #- - ImmediateFutureFn (TemporalRelation UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a \ TimePosition to a short, indeterminate TimeInterval that \ immediately follows the TimePosition. (relation-has-domains) relation : ImmediateFutureFn domain : TimePosition #- - date (BinaryPredicate SingleValuedRelation AsymmetricRelation) in: A BinaryPredicate that specifies a \ TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution \ of one day, for a particular Object or Process. (is-subclass-of) superclass : time subclass : date (relation-has-domains) relation : date domain : Physical Day #- - YearFn (TemporalRelation UnaryFunction) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a number to the corresponding calendar \ Year. For example, (YearFn 1912) returns the Class containing just one instance, \ the year of 1912. As might be expected, positive integers return years in the Common Era, \ while negative integers return years in B.C.E. Note that this function returns a Class \ as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. MonthFn, DayFn, \ HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific TimeIntervals \ and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of \ these functions classes rather than individuals. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Year subclass : YearFn (relation-has-domains) relation : YearFn domain : Integer #- - MonthFn (TemporalRelation BinaryFunction) in: A BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of Month and a \ subclass of Year to the class containing the Months corresponding to thos Years. \ For example (MonthFn January (YearFn 1912)) is the class containing the eighth \ Month, i.e. August, of the Year 1912. For another example, (MonthFn August \ Year) is equal to August, the class of all months of August. Note that this function \ returns a Class as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. \ DayFn, HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific TimeIntervals \ and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of \ these functions classes rather than individuals. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Month subclass : MonthFn #- - DayFn (TemporalRelation BinaryFunction) in: A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and \ a subclass of Months to the Days within each Month corresponding to that \ PositiveRealNumber. For example, (DayFn 16 August) is the Class of all \ sixteenth days of August. For another example, (DayFn 9 Month) would return \ the class of all ninth days of any month. For still another example, (DayFn 18 \ (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912))) denotes the 18th day of August 1912. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Day subclass : DayFn (relation-has-domains) relation : DayFn domain : PositiveRealNumber #- - HourFn (TemporalRelation BinaryFunction) in: A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and \ a subclass of Days to the Hours within each Day corresponding to that \ PositiveRealNumber. For example, (HourFn 12 Thursday) is the Class of all \ instances of noon Thursday. For another example, (HourFn 24 Day) would return \ the class of all instances of midnight. For still another example, (HourFn 14 \ (DayFn 18 (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912)))) denotes 2 PM on the 18th day of \ August 1912. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Hour subclass : HourFn (relation-has-domains) relation : HourFn domain : PositiveRealNumber #- - MinuteFn (TemporalRelation BinaryFunction) in: A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and \ a subclass of Hours to the Minutes within each Hour corresponding to that \ PositiveRealNumber. For example, (MinuteFn 30 (HourFn 17 Day)) is the Class \ of all 5:30's in the afternoon. For another example, (MinuteFn 15 Hour) would return \ the class of all instances of quarter past the hour. For still another example, \ (MinuteFn 15 (HourFn 14 (DayFn 18 (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912))))) denotes \ 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Minute subclass : MinuteFn (relation-has-domains) relation : MinuteFn domain : PositiveRealNumber #- - SecondFn (TemporalRelation BinaryFunction) in: A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and a \ subclass of Minutes to the Seconds within each Minute corresponding to that \ PositiveRealNumber. For example, (SecondFn 4 (MinuteFn 5 Hour)) is the Class \ of all fourth Seconds of every fifth Minute of every hour. For another example, \ (SecondFn 8 Minute) would return the eighth second of every minute. For still \ another example, (SecondFn 9 (MinuteFn 15 (HourFn 14 (DayFn 18 (MonthFn \ August (YearFn 1912)))))) denotes 9 seconds and 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th \ day of August 1912. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Second subclass : SecondFn (relation-has-domains) relation : SecondFn domain : PositiveRealNumber #- - Year in: The Class of all calendar Years. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeInterval subclass : Year #- - LeapYear in: The Class of all leap years. These are years \ which are either (i.) evenly divisible by 4 and not by 100 or (ii.) evenly \ divisible by 400 (this latter case is known as a leap century). (is-subclass-of) superclass : Year subclass : LeapYear #- - Month in: The Class of all calendar Months. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeInterval subclass : Month #- - January in: The Class of all Months which are January. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Month subclass : January #- - February in: The Class of all Months which are February. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Month subclass : February #- - March in: The Class of all Months which are March. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Month subclass : March #- - April in: The Class of all Months which are April. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Month subclass : April #- - May in: The Class of all Months which are May. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Month subclass : May #- - June in: The Class of all Months which are June. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Month subclass : June #- - July in: The Class of all Months which are July. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Month subclass : July #- - August in: The Class of all Months which are August. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Month subclass : August #- - September in: The Class of all Months which are September. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Month subclass : September #- - October in: The Class of all Months which are October. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Month subclass : October #- - November in: The Class of all Months which are November. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Month subclass : November #- - December in: The Class of all Months which are December. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Month subclass : December #- - Day in: The Class of all calendar Days. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeInterval subclass : Day #- - Monday in: The Class of all calendar Mondays. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Day subclass : Monday #- - Tuesday in: The Class of all calendar Tuesdays. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Day subclass : Tuesday #- - Wednesday in: The Class of all calendar Wednesdays. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Day subclass : Wednesday #- - Thursday in: The Class of all calendar Thursdays. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Day subclass : Thursday #- - Friday in: The Class of all calendar Fridays. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Day subclass : Friday #- - Saturday in: The Class of all calendar Saturdays. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Day subclass : Saturday #- - Sunday in: The Class of all calendar Sundays. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Day subclass : Sunday #- - Week in: The Class of all calendar weeks. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeInterval subclass : Week #- - Hour in: The Class of all clock Hours. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeInterval subclass : Hour #- - Minute in: The Class of all clock Minutes. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeInterval subclass : Minute #- - Second in: The Class of all clock Seconds. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeInterval subclass : Second #- - TemporalCompositionFn (TemporalRelation BinaryFunction) in: The basic Function for expressing \ the composition of larger TimeIntervals out of smaller TimeIntervals. \ For example, if ThisSeptember is an instance of September, \ (TemporalCompositionFn ThisSeptember Day) denotes the Class of \ consecutive days that make up ThisSeptember. Note that one can obtain \ the number of instances of this Class by using the function CardinalityFn. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeInterval subclass : TemporalCompositionFn (relation-has-domains) relation : TemporalCompositionFn domain : TimeInterval #- - connected (BinaryPredicate SpatialRelation ReflexiveRelation SymmetricRelation) in: (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 \ meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2. (relation-has-domains) relation : connected domain : Object Object #- - connects (SpatialRelation TernaryPredicate) in: The relationship between three things, when one of \ the three things connects the other two. More formally, (connects ?OBJ1 \ ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3) \ and not (connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3). (relation-has-domains) relation : connects domain : SelfConnectedObject SelfConnectedObject SelfConnectedObject #- - meetsSpatially (IrreflexiveRelation SymmetricRelation) in: (meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that \ ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are connected but that neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 \ overlapsSpatially the other. (is-subclass-of) superclass : connected subclass : meetsSpatially #- - overlapsSpatially (ReflexiveRelation SymmetricRelation) in: (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means \ that the Objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have some parts in common. This is a \ reflexive and symmetric (but not transitive) relation. (is-subclass-of) superclass : connected subclass : overlapsSpatially #- - overlapsPartially (SymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: (overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means \ that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have part(s) in common, but neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 \ is a part of the other. (is-subclass-of) superclass : overlapsSpatially subclass : overlapsPartially #- - superficialPart (IrreflexiveRelation TransitiveRelation) in: (superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) \ means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own \ (or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are \ externally connected with the mereological complement of ?OBJ2). This too \ is a transitive relation closed under MereologicalSumFn and \ MereologicalProductFn. (is-subclass-of) superclass : part subclass : superficialPart #- - surface (AsymmetricRelation) in: (surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 \ is a maximally connected superficialPart of ?OBJ2. Note that some \ SelfConnectedObjects have more than one surface, e.g. a hollow \ object like a tennis ball has both an inner and an outer surface. (is-subclass-of) superclass : superficialPart subclass : surface (relation-has-domains) relation : surface domain : SelfConnectedObject SelfConnectedObject #- - interiorPart (AsymmetricRelation TransitiveRelation) in: (interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means \ that ?OBJ1 is part ?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between ?OBJ1 and \ any superficialPart ?OBJ2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : part subclass : interiorPart #- - bottom in: (bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJECT) holds if ?BOTTOM is the \ lowest or deepest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT. (is-subclass-of) superclass : superficialPart subclass : bottom (relation-has-domains) relation : bottom domain : SelfConnectedObject SelfConnectedObject #- - top in: (top ?TOP ?OBJECT) means that ?TOP is the highest maximal \ superficial part of ?OBJECT. (is-subclass-of) superclass : superficialPart subclass : top (relation-has-domains) relation : top domain : SelfConnectedObject SelfConnectedObject #- - side in: (side ?SIDE ?OBJECT) means that ?SIDE is a side of the object, \ as opposed to the top or bottom. (is-subclass-of) superclass : superficialPart subclass : side (relation-has-domains) relation : side domain : SelfConnectedObject SelfConnectedObject #- - MereologicalSumFn (SpatialRelation BinaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (MereologicalSumFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) \ denotes the Object consisting of the parts which belong to either \ ?OBJ1 or ?OBJ2. (relation-has-domains) relation : MereologicalSumFn domain : Object Object #- - MereologicalProductFn (SpatialRelation BinaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) \ denotes the Object consisting of the parts which belong to both ?OBJ1 \ and ?OBJ2. (relation-has-domains) relation : MereologicalProductFn domain : Object Object #- - MereologicalDifferenceFn (SpatialRelation BinaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (MereologicalDifferenceFn ?OBJ1 \ ?OBJ2) denotes the Object consisting of the parts which belong to ?OBJ1 \ and not to ?OBJ2. (relation-has-domains) relation : MereologicalDifferenceFn domain : Object Object #- - hole (BinaryPredicate SpatialRelation AsymmetricRelation) in: (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a \ Hole in ?OBJ. A Hole is a fillable body located at the \ surface an Object. (relation-has-domains) relation : hole domain : Hole SelfConnectedObject #- - Hole in: A hole is an immaterial body located at the surface \ of an Object. Since every Hole is ontologically dependent on its host \ (i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a Hole is defined as \ being a hole in something. Note that two Holes may occupy the same \ region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts. Any two hosts of a hole have a common proper part that entirely hosts \ the hole. A common host of two holes hosts all parts of the sum of those holes.\ Any object that includes the host of a hole is a host of that hole, \ unless its parts also include parts of that very hole. \ Overlapping holes have overlapping hosts. No hole is atomic. \ Holes are connected with their hosts. No hole can have a proper part that \ is externally connected with exactly the same things as the hole itself. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Region subclass : Hole #- - HoleHostFn (SpatialRelation UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation AsymmetricRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a Hole to \ the Object which is its principal host. The principle host of a Hole \ is its maximally connected host (a notion taken here to be defined only \ when the argument is a hole). (relation-has-domains) relation : HoleHostFn domain : Hole #- - Fillable (ShapeAttribute) in: Something is Fillable if it can be filled by \ something else. Note that 'filled' here means perfectly filled.\ Something is fillable just in case it is part of a hole; i.e., \ fillability is an exclusive property of holes and their parts. #- - partiallyFills (SpatialRelation AsymmetricRelation) in: (partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that \ ?OBJ completelyFills some part of ?HOLE. Note that if (partiallyFills \ ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (partiallyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). \ Note too that a partial filler need not be wholly inside a hole (it may \ stick out), which means that every complete filler also qualifies as \ (is a limit case of) a partial one. (is-subclass-of) superclass : located subclass : partiallyFills (relation-has-domains) relation : partiallyFills domain : Object Hole #- - properlyFills (AsymmetricRelation) in: (properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) \ means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by \ ?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ. Note that \ properlyFills is the dual of completelyFills, and is so \ related to partiallyFills that ?OBJ properlyFills ?HOLE just in \ case ?OBJ partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE. (Thus, every perfect \ filler is both complete and proper in this sense). \ Every hole is connected with everything with which a proper filler \ of the hole is connected. Every proper part of a perfect filler of (a part of) a hole properly \ fills (that part of) that hole. (is-subclass-of) superclass : partiallyFills subclass : properlyFills (relation-has-domains) relation : properlyFills domain : Object Hole #- - completelyFills (AsymmetricRelation) in: (completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) \ means that some part of the Object ?OBJ fills the Hole ?HOLE. \ Note that if (completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part \ ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (completelyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). \ A complete filler of (a part of) a hole is connected with everything \ with which (that part of) the hole itself is connected. \ A perfect filler of (a part of) a hole completely fills every proper \ part of (that part of) that hole. (is-subclass-of) superclass : partiallyFills subclass : completelyFills #- - fills (AsymmetricRelation) in: Holes can be filled. (fills ?OBJ ?HOLE) \ means that the Object ?OBJ fills the Hole ?HOLE. Note that \ fills here means perfectly filled. Perfect fillers and fillable entities have no parts in common (rather, \ they may occupy the same spatial region). (is-subclass-of) superclass : completelyFills subclass : fills (is-subclass-of) superclass : properlyFills subclass : fills (relation-has-domains) relation : fills domain : Object Hole #- - HoleSkinFn (SpatialRelation UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation AsymmetricRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a Hole to the skin \ of the Hole. The skin of a Hole is the fusion of those superficial \ parts (see superficialPart) of the Hole's principal host (see \ HoleHostFn) with which the Hole is externally connected. (relation-has-domains) relation : HoleSkinFn domain : Hole #- - subProcess (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that ?SUBPROC \ is a subprocess of ?PROC. A subprocess is here understood as a temporally \ distinguished part (proper or not) of a Process. (relation-has-domains) relation : subProcess domain : Process Process #- - BiologicalProcess in: A Process embodied in an Organism. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InternalChange subclass : BiologicalProcess #- - PhysiologicProcess in: A normal process of an Organism \ or part of an Organism. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BiologicalProcess subclass : PhysiologicProcess #- - AutonomicProcess in: The class of PhysiologicProcesses of \ which there is not conscious awareness and control. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PhysiologicProcess subclass : AutonomicProcess (are-disjoint) objects : AutonomicProcess IntentionalProcess #- - OrganOrTissueProcess in: A PhysiologicProcess of a \ particular Organ or Tissue. (is-subclass-of) superclass : AutonomicProcess subclass : OrganOrTissueProcess (are-disjoint) objects : OrganOrTissueProcess OrganismProcess #- - OrganismProcess in: A physiologic function of the \ Organism as a whole, of multiple organ systems or of multiple \ Organs or Tissues. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PhysiologicProcess subclass : OrganismProcess #- - Birth in: The Process of being born. (is-subclass-of) superclass : OrganismProcess subclass : Birth #- - Death in: The Process of dying. (is-subclass-of) superclass : OrganismProcess subclass : Death #- - Breathing in: The Process of respiration, by which oxygen \ is made available to an Animal. This covers processes of inhalation, \ exhalation, and alternations between the two. (is-subclass-of) superclass : OrganismProcess subclass : Breathing (is-subclass-of) superclass : AutonomicProcess subclass : Breathing #- - Ingesting in: The Process by which Food is \ taken into an Animal. (is-subclass-of) superclass : OrganismProcess subclass : Ingesting #- - Eating in: The Process by which solid Food is \ incorporated into an Animal. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Ingesting subclass : Eating #- - Drinking in: The Process by which liquid Food, i.e. \ Beverages, are incorporated into an Animal. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Ingesting subclass : Drinking #- - Digesting in: The Process by which Food that has been \ ingested is broken down into simpler chemical compounds and absorbed by \ the Organism. (is-subclass-of) superclass : OrganismProcess subclass : Digesting (is-subclass-of) superclass : AutonomicProcess subclass : Digesting #- - Growth in: The Process of biological development in which \ an Organism or part of an Organism changes its form or its size. (is-subclass-of) superclass : AutonomicProcess subclass : Growth #- - Replication in: The Process of biological reproduction. \ This can be either a sexual or an asexual process. (is-subclass-of) superclass : OrganismProcess subclass : Replication #- - SexualReproduction in: Sexual Processes of biological \ reproduction. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Replication subclass : SexualReproduction (are-disjoint) objects : SexualReproduction AsexualReproduction #- - AsexualReproduction in: Asexual Processes of biological \ reproduction. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Replication subclass : AsexualReproduction #- - PsychologicalProcess in: A BiologicalProcess which takes place in \ the mind or brain of an Organism and which may be manifested in the behavior \ of the Organism. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BiologicalProcess subclass : PsychologicalProcess #- - PathologicProcess in: A disordered process, activity, or \ state of the Organism as a whole, of a body system or systems, or of \ multiple Organs or Tissues. Included here are normal responses to a \ negative stimulus as well as patholologic conditions or states that are \ less specific than a disease. Pathologic functions frequently have \ systemic effects. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BiologicalProcess subclass : PathologicProcess (are-disjoint) objects : PathologicProcess PhysiologicProcess #- - Injuring in: The process of creating a traumatic wound or \ injury. Since Injuring is not possible without some biologic function \ of the organism being injured, it is a subclass of BiologicalProcess. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PathologicProcess subclass : Injuring (is-subclass-of) superclass : Damaging subclass : Injuring #- - Poisoning in: A Poisoning is caused by an external \ substance. Since Poisoning is not possible without some biologic \ function which affects the Organism being injured, it is a subclass \ of BiologicalProcess. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Injuring subclass : Poisoning #- - IntentionalProcess in: A Process that has a specific \ purpose for the CognitiveAgent who performs it. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Process subclass : IntentionalProcess #- - IntentionalPsychologicalProcess in: An IntentionalProcess that \ can be realized entirely within the mind or brain of an Organism. Thus, \ for example, Reasoning is a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, \ because one can reason simply by exercising one's mind/brain. On the other \ hand, RecreationOrExercise is not a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess,\ because many instances of RecreationOrExercise necessarily have subProcesses \ of BodyMotion. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalProcess subclass : IntentionalPsychologicalProcess (is-subclass-of) superclass : PsychologicalProcess subclass : IntentionalPsychologicalProcess #- - RecreationOrExercise in: A Process that is carried out for \ the purpose of recreation or exercise. Since RecreationOrExercise is a \ subclass of IntentionalProcess, the intent of a process determines whether \ or not it is an instance of the class. Hence, if John and Bill watch the same \ program on television, and John watches it to relax while Bill watches it solely \ to satisfy an educational requirement, then John's watching the movie is an \ instance of RecreationOrExercise, while Bill's is not (both cases of \ watching the television program would however be in the class of Seeing, since \ being an instance of this latter class is not determined by intention). (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalProcess subclass : RecreationOrExercise #- - OrganizationalProcess in: An IntentionalProcess that \ involves an Organization. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalProcess subclass : OrganizationalProcess #- - Election in: Election is the class of events conducted by an \ organization, in which qualified participants vote for officers, adopt \ resolutions, or settle other issues in that Organization. (is-subclass-of) superclass : OrganizationalProcess subclass : Election #- - ReligiousProcess in: An OrganizationalProcess that is \ carried out within or by a ReligiousOrganization. (is-subclass-of) superclass : OrganizationalProcess subclass : ReligiousProcess #- - JoiningAnOrganization in: The OrganizationalProcess of \ becoming a member of an Organization. (is-subclass-of) superclass : OrganizationalProcess subclass : JoiningAnOrganization #- - LeavingAnOrganization in: The OrganizationalProcess of \ leaving an Organization, whether voluntarily or involuntarily. (is-subclass-of) superclass : OrganizationalProcess subclass : LeavingAnOrganization (are-disjoint) objects : LeavingAnOrganization JoiningAnOrganization #- - Graduation in: The OrganizationalProcess of graduating \ from an EducationalOrganization. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LeavingAnOrganization subclass : Graduation #- - Matriculation in: The OrganizationalProcess of joining an \ EducationalOrganization as a student. (is-subclass-of) superclass : JoiningAnOrganization subclass : Matriculation #- - Hiring in: OrganizationalProcesses where someone is made an \ employee of an Organization. (is-subclass-of) superclass : JoiningAnOrganization subclass : Hiring #- - TerminatingEmployment in: OrganizationalProcesses where someone \ ceases to be an employee of an Organization. Note that this covers being \ laid off, being fired, and voluntarily leaving a job. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LeavingAnOrganization subclass : TerminatingEmployment #- - PoliticalProcess in: An OrganizationalProcess carried \ out by, for or against officially constituted governments. Some examples \ would be voting on proposed legislation, electing a government representative, \ or even overthrowing a government in a revolution. (is-subclass-of) superclass : OrganizationalProcess subclass : PoliticalProcess #- - JudicialProcess in: Any legal proceeding which is conducted \ by a JudicialOrganization. Note that there is an important difference \ between the concepts LegalAction and JudicialProcess. The former \ refers to legal claims that are brought by a plaintiff, e.g. law suits, \ while the second refers to trials and other sorts of judicial hearings \ where the merits of a LegalAction are decided. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PoliticalProcess subclass : JudicialProcess #- - LegalDecision in: A decision issued by a court with respect to \ a LegalAction. Note that a LegalDecision is the act of Declaring a \ decision of a court; it is not the act of judge or jury Deciding the merits \ of a particular LegalAction. (is-subclass-of) superclass : JudicialProcess subclass : LegalDecision (is-subclass-of) superclass : Declaring subclass : LegalDecision #- - MilitaryProcess in: Any Process that is carried out by a \ military organization. Note that this class covers Processes, e.g. \ military operations, that are the result of careful planning, as well as \ those which are unscripted. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PoliticalProcess subclass : MilitaryProcess #- - RegulatoryProcess in: an Guiding whose aim is the enforcement \ of rules or regulations. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess \ and the related concept Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship \ between a single manager and limited number of agents who are managed, while the \ former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are \ referred. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Guiding subclass : RegulatoryProcess #- - Managing in: OrganizationalProcesses that involve overseeing \ the activities of others. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess \ and its sibling Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between \ the manager and the managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which \ the activities of the regulated are referred. (is-subclass-of) superclass : OrganizationalProcess subclass : Managing (is-subclass-of) superclass : Guiding subclass : Managing #- - Planning in: Specifying a set of actions in order to meet a \ set of goals or objectives. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalPsychologicalProcess subclass : Planning #- - Designing in: The spatial analogue of Planning. Designing a \ Collection of Objects involves determining a placement of the Objects \ with respect to one another and perhaps other Objects as well, in order to \ satisfy a particular purpose. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalPsychologicalProcess subclass : Designing #- - Interpreting in: Any Process of assigning a Proposition to \ a Text, i.e. understanding the Text. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalPsychologicalProcess subclass : Interpreting #- - QuantityChange in: Any InternalChange where a PhysicalQuantity \ associated with the patient is altered. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InternalChange subclass : QuantityChange #- - Increasing in: Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity \ is increased. (is-subclass-of) superclass : QuantityChange subclass : Increasing #- - Heating in: Any Increasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity \ increased is a TemperatureMeasure. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Increasing subclass : Heating (are-disjoint) objects : Heating Cooling #- - Decreasing in: Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity \ is decreased. (is-subclass-of) superclass : QuantityChange subclass : Decreasing #- - Cooling in: Any Decreasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity \ decreased is a TemperatureMeasure. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Decreasing subclass : Cooling #- - Motion in: Any Process of movement. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Process subclass : Motion #- - path (CaseRole) in: (path ?MOTION ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a route \ along which ?MOTION occurs. For example, Highway 101 is the path in the \ following proposition: the car drove up Highway 101. (relation-has-domains) relation : path domain : Motion Object #- - BodyMotion in: Any Motion where the agent is an Organism \ and the patient is a BodyPart. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Motion subclass : BodyMotion #- - Vocalizing in: Any instance of RadiatingSound where the \ instrument is the Human vocal cords. This covers grunts, screams, \ roars, as well as Speaking. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RadiatingSound subclass : Vocalizing (is-subclass-of) superclass : BodyMotion subclass : Vocalizing #- - Speaking in: Any LinguisticGeneration which is also a \ Vocalizing, i.e. any LinguisticCommunication by a Human which \ involves his/her vocal cords. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LinguisticCommunication subclass : Speaking (is-subclass-of) superclass : Vocalizing subclass : Speaking #- - Singing in: Speaking that is also Music. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Speaking subclass : Singing (is-subclass-of) superclass : Music subclass : Singing #- - Ambulating in: Any BodyMotion which is accomplished by \ means of the legs of an Animal for the purpose of moving from one \ point to another. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BodyMotion subclass : Ambulating (is-subclass-of) superclass : Translocation subclass : Ambulating #- - Walking in: Ambulating relatively slowly, i.e. moving in such a \ way that at least one foot is always in contact with the ground. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Ambulating subclass : Walking #- - Running in: Ambulating relatively quickly, i.e. moving in such a \ way that, with each step, neither foot is in contact with the ground for a \ period of time. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Ambulating subclass : Running #- - Swimming in: Any deliberate and controlled BodyMotion \ through water that is accomplished by an Organism. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BodyMotion subclass : Swimming #- - Dancing in: Any BodyMotion of Humans which is \ deliberately coordinated with music. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BodyMotion subclass : Dancing #- - GeologicalProcess in: The class of activities that \ are caused by geological forces and affect geological features, \ and which may affect the biosphere as well. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Motion subclass : GeologicalProcess (are-disjoint) objects : GeologicalProcess IntentionalProcess #- - WeatherProcess in: WeatherProcess is the broadest class of \ processes that involve weather, including weather seasons (not to be confused \ with instances of SeasonOfYear), weather systems, and short-term weather \ events. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Motion subclass : WeatherProcess (are-disjoint) objects : WeatherProcess IntentionalProcess #- - Precipitation in: Precipitation is the process of \ water molecules falling from the air to the ground, in either a \ liquid or frozen state. (is-subclass-of) superclass : WeatherProcess subclass : Precipitation (is-subclass-of) superclass : WaterMotion subclass : Precipitation (is-subclass-of) superclass : Falling subclass : Precipitation #- - LiquidMotion in: Any Motion where the patient is a \ Liquid. This class would cover, in particular, the flow of \ Water. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Motion subclass : LiquidMotion #- - WaterMotion in: Any LiquidMotion where the Liquid is Water. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LiquidMotion subclass : WaterMotion #- - GasMotion in: Any Motion where the patient is a \ Gas. This class would cover, in particular, the motion of \ Air, e.g. a breeze or wind. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Motion subclass : GasMotion #- - Wind in: Any Motion of Air. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GasMotion subclass : Wind #- - DirectionChange in: The act of changing the direction in \ which the patient of the act is oriented. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Motion subclass : DirectionChange #- - Transfer in: Any instance of Translocation where the agent \ and the patient are not the same thing. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Translocation subclass : Transfer #- - Carrying in: Transfer from one point to another by means of \ an Animal or Human. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Transfer subclass : Carrying #- - Removing in: The Class of Processes where something is \ taken away from a location. Note that the thing removed and the location \ are specified with the CaseRoles patient and origin, respectively. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Transfer subclass : Removing #- - Uncovering in: The Class of Removing processes where the agent \ uncovers the patient, either completely or only partially. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Removing subclass : Uncovering (are-disjoint) objects : Uncovering Covering #- - Putting in: The Class of Processes where something is put \ in a location. Note that the location is specified with the CaseRole \ destination. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Transfer subclass : Putting #- - Covering in: The Class of Putting processes where the agent \ covers the patient, either completely or only partially, with something \ else. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Putting subclass : Covering #- - Inserting in: Putting one thing inside of another thing. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Putting subclass : Inserting #- - Injecting in: Inserting a BiologicallyActiveSubstance into an \ Animal or a Human with a syringe. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Inserting subclass : Injecting #- - Substituting in: The Class of Transfers where one thing is \ replaced with something else. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Transfer subclass : Substituting (is-subclass-of) superclass : DualObjectProcess subclass : Substituting #- - Impelling in: The subclass of Transfer where the patient \ travels through space by means of a sudden, forceful event. Some examples \ would be shooting, throwing, tossing, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Transfer subclass : Impelling #- - Shooting in: The subclass of Impelling where the patient \ is a projectile that is fired through the air by means of some sort of \ Device. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Impelling subclass : Shooting #- - Touching in: Any Transfer where two Objects are \ brought into immediate physical contact with one another. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Transfer subclass : Touching #- - grasps in: The state of grasping an Object. (grasps \ ?ANIMAL ?OBJ) means that the Animal ?ANIMAL is intentionally holding \ on to the Object ?OBJ. (is-subclass-of) superclass : meetsSpatially subclass : grasps (relation-has-domains) relation : grasps domain : Animal Object #- - Grabbing in: Any instance of Touching which results in \ a situation where the agent grasps the patient of the Touching. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Touching subclass : Grabbing (is-subclass-of) superclass : Attaching subclass : Grabbing #- - Releasing in: Any instance of Transfer which results in \ a situation where it is not the case that the agent grasps something \ which he/she grasps previously. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Transfer subclass : Releasing #- - Impacting in: Any Touching where something comes into \ sudden, forceful, physical contact with something else. Some examples \ would be striking, knocking, whipping etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Touching subclass : Impacting #- - Translocation in: Translocation is that class of Motions \ in which an object moves from one place to another. In the case of round \ trips, the origin and destination are the same, but the intervening \ motion passes through other locations. Translocation represents linear \ motion, in contrast to rotation or other movement in place. A vehicle is \ not necessary; Ambulating is a kind of Translocation. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Motion subclass : Translocation #- - Falling in: Falling is the class of events in \ which something moves from a higher location to a lower location \ under the force of gravity. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Translocation subclass : Falling #- - Transportation in: Motion from one point to another by means \ of a TransportationDevice. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Translocation subclass : Transportation #- - Guiding in: Any IntentionalProcess where the agent tries to \ direct the behavior of another Object, whether an Agent or not. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalProcess subclass : Guiding #- - Driving in: Controlling the direction and/or speed of a \ Vehicle. This includes navigating a ship, driving a car or truck, \ operating a train, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Guiding subclass : Driving #- - EducationalProcess in: Any Process which is intended to result \ in Learning. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Guiding subclass : EducationalProcess #- - ChangeOfPossession in: The Class of Processes where \ ownership of something is transferred from one Agent to another. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SocialInteraction subclass : ChangeOfPossession #- - Giving in: The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the \ agent gives the destination something. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ChangeOfPossession subclass : Giving #- - Funding in: Any instance of Giving where the patient is an \ instance of Currency. Note that this class covers both financing, e.g. \ where a firm funds a software company with venture capital with the agreement \ that a certain percentage of the profits on the investment will be returned \ to the firm, and instances of UnilateralGiving, e.g. providing a tuition \ waiver and/or a stipend to a student as part of scholarship or fellowship. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Giving subclass : Funding #- - UnilateralGiving in: Any instance of Giving that is not part \ of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Giving where nothing \ is received in return. Some examples of UnilateralGiving are: honorary \ awards, gifts, and financial grants. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Giving subclass : UnilateralGiving #- - Lending in: The subclass of Giving Processes where \ the agent gives the destination something for a limited period of \ time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with \ interest). (is-subclass-of) superclass : Giving subclass : Lending #- - GivingBack in: Any instance of Giving where the agent gives \ something to the destination which was previously given to the agent by \ the destination, e.g. returing a book that was borrowed from someone. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Giving subclass : GivingBack #- - Getting in: The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the\ agent gets something. Note that the source from which something is \ obtained is specified with the origin CaseRole. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ChangeOfPossession subclass : Getting #- - UnilateralGetting in: Any instance of Getting that is not part \ of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Getting where nothing \ is given in return. Some examples of UnilateralGetting are: appropriating, \ commandeering, stealing, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Getting subclass : UnilateralGetting #- - Borrowing in: The subclass of Getting Processes where \ the agent gets something for a limited period of time with the expectation \ that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest). (is-subclass-of) superclass : Getting subclass : Borrowing #- - Transaction in: The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where \ something is exchanged for something else. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ChangeOfPossession subclass : Transaction (is-subclass-of) superclass : DualObjectProcess subclass : Transaction #- - FinancialTransaction in: A Transaction where an instance \ of Currency is exchanged for something else. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Transaction subclass : FinancialTransaction #- - transactionAmount (BinaryPredicate SingleValuedRelation TotalValuedRelation) in: (transactionAmount ?TRANSACTION \ ?AMOUNT) means that ?AMOUNT is an instance of CurrencyMeasure being \ exhanged in the FinancialTransaction ?TRANSACTION. (relation-has-domains) relation : transactionAmount domain : FinancialTransaction CurrencyMeasure #- - CommercialService in: Any FinancialTransaction by a \ CommercialAgent where the aim is to produce a profit. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FinancialTransaction subclass : CommercialService #- - Betting in: A FinancialTransaction where an instance of \ CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for the possibility of winning a larger \ instance of CurrencyMeasure within the context of some sort of \ Game. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FinancialTransaction subclass : Betting #- - Buying in: A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of \ CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for an instance of Physical. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FinancialTransaction subclass : Buying #- - Selling in: A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of \ Physical is exchanged for an instance of CurrencyMeasure. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FinancialTransaction subclass : Selling #- - Learning in: The Class of Processes which relate to the \ acquisition of information. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalPsychologicalProcess subclass : Learning #- - Discovering in: Finding something that was sought. Note that \ this class is restricted to cases of discovering something Physical. \ For cases involving the acquisition of knowledge, the class Learning \ should be used. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalPsychologicalProcess subclass : Discovering #- - Classifying in: The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses \ which involve attaching a name or category to a thing or set of things. \ Note that Classifying is distinguished from Learning by the fact \ that the latter covers the acquisition by a CognitiveAgent of any \ Proposition, while the former involves the assignment of a label \ or category. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalPsychologicalProcess subclass : Classifying #- - Reasoning in: The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses \ which involve concluding, on the basis of either deductive or inductive \ evidence, that a particular Proposition or Sentence is true. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalPsychologicalProcess subclass : Reasoning #- - Selecting in: The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses \ which involve opting for one or more Entity out of a larger set of Entities. \ Note that this covers all cases of judging or evaluating. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalPsychologicalProcess subclass : Selecting #- - Deciding in: The subclass of Selecting where the agent \ opts for one course of action out of a set of multiple possibilities \ that are open to him/her. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Selecting subclass : Deciding #- - Voting in: Voting is the activity of voting in an \ Election. Voting is typically done by individuals, while Elections \ are conducted by Organizations. The voting process by an individual \ voter is part of an Election process. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Deciding subclass : Voting #- - Judging in: The subclass of Selecting where the agent opts \ for one belief out of a set of multiple possibilities that are available to \ him/her. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Selecting subclass : Judging #- - Comparing in: The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses \ which involve comparing, relating, contrasting, etc. the properties of \ two or more Entities. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalPsychologicalProcess subclass : Comparing (is-subclass-of) superclass : DualObjectProcess subclass : Comparing #- - Calculating in: IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve \ the consideration and/or manipulation of instances of Quantity. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalPsychologicalProcess subclass : Calculating #- - Measuring in: The Class of Calculating Processes where \ the aim is to determine the PhysicalQuantity of some aspect of the patient. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Calculating subclass : Measuring #- - Counting in: Enumerating something. The Class of Calculating \ Processes where the aim is to determine the Number corresponding to the \ patient. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Calculating subclass : Counting #- - Predicting in: The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses \ which involve the formulation of a Proposition about a state of affairs \ which might be realized in the future. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalPsychologicalProcess subclass : Predicting #- - Remembering in: The Class of PsychologicalProcesses which \ involve the recollection of prior experiences and/or of knowledge \ which was previously acquired. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PsychologicalProcess subclass : Remembering #- - Keeping in: The Class of Processes where the agent \ keeps something in a particular location for an extended period of time. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalProcess subclass : Keeping #- - Confining in: The Class of Keeping Processes where the \ patient is a Human or an Animal and is kept involuntarily. This covers \ caging, imprisonment, jailing, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Keeping subclass : Confining #- - Maintaining in: The Class of Processes where the agent \ cares for or maintains the Object. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalProcess subclass : Maintaining #- - Repairing in: The Class of Processes where the agent \ makes a modification or series of modifications to an Object that is not \ functioning as intended so that it works properly. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalProcess subclass : Repairing #- - TherapeuticProcess in: A Process that is carried out \ for the purpose of curing, improving or reducing the pain associated \ with a DiseaseOrSyndrome. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Repairing subclass : TherapeuticProcess #- - Surgery in: Any TherapeuticProcess that involves making an \ incision in the Animal that is the patient of the TherapeuticProcess. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TherapeuticProcess subclass : Surgery #- - Damaging in: The Class of Processes where the agent \ brings about a situation where the patient no longer functions normally \ or as intended. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InternalChange subclass : Damaging (are-disjoint) objects : Damaging Repairing #- - Destruction in: The subclass of Damagings in which \ the patient (or an essential element of the patient) is destroyed. \ Note that the difference between this concept and its superclass is solely \ one of extent. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Damaging subclass : Destruction #- - Killing in: The subclass of Destruction in which the \ death of an Organism is caused by an Organism. Note that in cases \ of suicide the Organism would be the same in both cases. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Destruction subclass : Killing #- - Poking in: The Class of Processes where the agent\ pierces the surface of the Object with an instrument. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalProcess subclass : Poking #- - Cutting in: The subclass of Poking Processes which \ involve a sharp instrument. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Poking subclass : Cutting #- - Attaching in: A Process where one Object becomes attached \ to another Object. Note that this differs from Putting in that two \ things which are attached may already be in the same location. Note that \ Combining is different from Attaching in that the former applies to \ Substances, while the latter applies to CorpuscularObjects. Note too \ that Attaching is different from Putting in that one or both of the \ two things which are attached may or may not be moved from the location \ where they were combined. (is-subclass-of) superclass : DualObjectProcess subclass : Attaching (are-disjoint) objects : Attaching Detaching #- - Detaching in: A Process where the agent detaches one thing \ from something else. Note that Detaching is different from Separating \ in that the latter applies to Substances, while the former applies to CorpuscularObjects. Note too that Detaching is different from Removing \ in that one or both of the two things which are detached may or may not be \ moved from the location where they were attached. (is-subclass-of) superclass : DualObjectProcess subclass : Detaching #- - Ungrasping in: Any instance of Detaching which results in \ a situation where it is not the case that the agent grasps something \ which he/she grasps previously. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Detaching subclass : Ungrasping #- - Combining in: A Process where two or more SelfConnectedObjects \ are incorporated into a single SelfConnectedObject. Note that Combining \ is different from Attaching in that the former results in one of the objects \ being part of the other, while Attaching only results in the two objects \ being connected with one another. Note too that Combining is different \ from Putting in that one or both of the two things which are combined may or \ may not be moved from the location where they were combined. (is-subclass-of) superclass : DualObjectProcess subclass : Combining #- - Separating in: A Process where a SelfConnectedObject is \ separated into (some of) its parts. Note that Separating is different \ from Detaching in that the latter only results in the two objects not \ being connected. Note too that Separating is different from \ Removing in that one or both of the two things which are separated \ may or may not be moved from the location where they were separated. (is-subclass-of) superclass : DualObjectProcess subclass : Separating (are-disjoint) objects : Separating Combining #- - ChemicalProcess in: A ChemicalProcess occurs whenever \ chemical compounds (CompoundSubstances) are formed or decomposed. \ For example, reactants disappear as chemical change occurs, and products \ appear as chemical change occurs. In a chemical change a chemical \ reaction takes place. Catalysts in a ChemicalProcess may speed up the \ reaction, but aren't themselves produced or consumed. Examples: rusting of \ iron and the decomposition of water, induced by an electric current, to \ gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InternalChange subclass : ChemicalProcess #- - ChemicalSynthesis in: The Class of ChemicalProcesses in \ which a CompoundSubstance is formed from simpler reactants. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ChemicalProcess subclass : ChemicalSynthesis (is-subclass-of) superclass : Combining subclass : ChemicalSynthesis #- - ChemicalDecomposition in: The Class of ChemicalProcesses \ in which a CompoundSubstance breaks down into simpler products. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ChemicalProcess subclass : ChemicalDecomposition (is-subclass-of) superclass : Separating subclass : ChemicalDecomposition #- - Combustion in: The Class of ChemicalProcesses in which an Object \ reacts with oxygen and gives off heat. This includes all Processes in which \ something is burning. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ChemicalDecomposition subclass : Combustion #- - InternalChange in: Processes which involve altering an internal \ property of an Object, e.g. the shape of the Object, its coloring, its \ structure, etc. Processes that are not instances of this class include \ changes that only affect the relationship to other objects, e.g. changes in \ spatial or temporal location. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Process subclass : InternalChange #- - SurfaceChange in: Processes which involve altering \ the properties that apply to the surface of an Object. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InternalChange subclass : SurfaceChange #- - Coloring in: The subclass of SurfaceChange where a \ ColorAttribute of the patient is altered. Note that the change in\ color may apply to just part of the object. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SurfaceChange subclass : Coloring #- - ShapeChange in: The Process of changing the shape of an Object. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InternalChange subclass : ShapeChange #- - ContentDevelopment in: A subclass of IntentionalProcess in \ which content is modified, its form is altered or it is created anew. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalProcess subclass : ContentDevelopment #- - Reading in: A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which \ content is converted from a written form into a spoken representation. \ Note that the class Interpreting should be used in cases where a \ Text is read silently. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ContentDevelopment subclass : Reading #- - Writing in: A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which \ content is converted from one form (e.g. uttered, written or represented \ mentally) into a written form. Note that this class covers both \ transcription and original creation of written Texts. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ContentDevelopment subclass : Writing #- - Encoding in: Converting a document or message into a formal \ language or into a code that can be understood only by a relatively small \ body of Agents. Generally speaking, this hinders wide dissemination of \ the content in the original document or message. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Writing subclass : Encoding #- - Decoding in: Converting a document or message that has previously \ been encoded (see Encoding) into a Language that can be understood by a \ relatively large number of speakers. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Writing subclass : Decoding (are-disjoint) objects : Decoding Encoding #- - Translating in: Converting content from one Language into another. \ This covers oral translation (i.e. interpreting) as well as written translation. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ContentDevelopment subclass : Translating (is-subclass-of) superclass : DualObjectProcess subclass : Translating #- - Wetting in: The Class of Processes where a Liquid is \ added to an Object. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Putting subclass : Wetting #- - Drying in: The Class of Processes where a Liquid is removed \ from an Object. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Removing subclass : Drying #- - Creation in: The subclass of Process in which \ something is created. Note that the thing created is specified \ with the result CaseRole. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InternalChange subclass : Creation #- - Making in: The subclass of Creation in which an individual \ Artifact or a type of Artifact is made. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Creation subclass : Making (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalProcess subclass : Making #- - Constructing in: The subclass of Making in which a \ StationaryArtifact is built. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Making subclass : Constructing #- - Manufacture in: The Making of Artifacts on a mass \ scale. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Making subclass : Manufacture #- - Publication in: The Manufacture of Texts. Note that \ there is no implication that the Texts are distributed. Such \ distribution, when it occurs, is an instance of Dissemination. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Manufacture subclass : Publication (is-subclass-of) superclass : ContentDevelopment subclass : Publication #- - Cooking in: The Making of an instance of Food. Note \ that this can cover any preparation of Food, e.g. making a salad, \ cutting up fruit, etc. It does not necessarily involve the application \ of heat. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Making subclass : Cooking #- - Pursuing in: The class of IntentionalProcesses where something is \ sought. Some examples would be hunting, shopping, trawling, and stalking. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalProcess subclass : Pursuing #- - Investigating in: The class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses \ where the agent attempts to obtaina information (i.e. a Proposition denoted \ by a Formula). (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalPsychologicalProcess subclass : Investigating #- - Experimenting in: Investigating the truth of a Proposition \ by constructing and observing a trial. Note that the trial may be either \ controlled or uncontrolled, blind or not blind. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Investigating subclass : Experimenting #- - DiagnosticProcess in: A Process that is carried out for \ the purpose of determining the nature of a DiseaseOrSyndrome. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Investigating subclass : DiagnosticProcess #- - SocialInteraction in: The subclass of \ IntentionalProcess that involves interactions between \ CognitiveAgents. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalProcess subclass : SocialInteraction #- - Pretending in: Any SocialInteraction where a \ CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents attempts to make \ another CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents believe \ something that is false. This covers deceit, affectation, \ impersonation, and entertainment productions, to give just a few \ examples. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SocialInteraction subclass : Pretending #- - Communication in: A SocialInteraction that involves \ the transfer of information between two or more CognitiveAgents. \ Note that Communication is closely related to, but essentially \ different from, ContentDevelopment. The latter involves the creation \ or modification of a ContentBearingObject, while Communication is \ the transfer of information for the purpose of conveying a message. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SocialInteraction subclass : Communication (is-subclass-of) superclass : ContentBearingProcess subclass : Communication #- - Disseminating in: Any Communication that involves a \ single agent and many destinations. This covers the release \ of a published book, broadcasting, a theatrical performance, giving \ orders to assembled troops, delivering a public lecture, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Communication subclass : Disseminating #- - Demonstrating in: Exhibiting something or a range of things \ before the public in a particular location. This would cover software \ demos, theatrical plays, lectures, dance and music recitals, museum \ exhibitions, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Disseminating subclass : Demonstrating #- - attends in: (attends ?DEMO ?PERSON) means that ?PERSON attends, \ i.e. is a member of the audience, of the performance event ?DEMO. (is-subclass-of) superclass : experiencer subclass : attends (relation-has-domains) relation : attends domain : Demonstrating Human #- - Gesture in: Any BodyMotion, e.g. a hand wave, a nod of the \ head, a smile, which is also an instance of Communication. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Communication subclass : Gesture (is-subclass-of) superclass : BodyMotion subclass : Gesture #- - Advertising in: A Disseminating whose purpose is to \ promote the sale of an Object represented in a Text or Icon \ (the advertisement). (is-subclass-of) superclass : Disseminating subclass : Advertising #- - Expressing in: Instances of this Class express a state of the agent. \ For example, Jane thanked Barbara for the present she had given her. The thanking \ in this case expresses the gratitude of Jane towards Barbara. Note that Expressing, \ unlike the other speech act types, is not a subclass of LinguisticCommunication. \ This is because emotions, for example, can be expressed without language, e.g. by \ smiling. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Communication subclass : Expressing #- - LinguisticCommunication in: A Communication that involves \ the transfer of information via a LinguisticExpression. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Communication subclass : LinguisticCommunication #- - Stating in: Instances of this Class commit the agent to some truth. \ For example, John claimed that the moon is made of green cheese. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LinguisticCommunication subclass : Stating #- - Disagreeing in: A Stating in which two Agents have\ contradictory statements. This is distinguished from Arguing in\ that the statement in dispute may be a simple assertion, rather than\ a chain of deduction, and that two entities must be disagreeing with\ each other, whereas a single entity may craft an argument for a given\ point of view, without the need for another agent to disagree with. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Stating subclass : Disagreeing #- - Supposing in: Instances of this Class suppose, for the sake of \ argument, that a proposition is true. For example, John considered what he \ would do if he won the lottery. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LinguisticCommunication subclass : Supposing #- - Directing in: Instances of this Class urge some further action \ among the receivers. A Directing can be an Ordering, a Requesting or \ a Questioning. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LinguisticCommunication subclass : Directing #- - Ordering in: A Directing in which the receiver is \ commanded to realize the content of a ContentBearingObject. Orders \ are injunctions, the disobedience of which involves sanctions, or \ which express an obligation upon the part of the orderee. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Directing subclass : Ordering #- - Requesting in: A request expresses a desire that some future \ action be performed. For example, the 5th Battalion requested air support \ from the 3rd Bomber Group. Note that this class covers proposals, \ recommendations, suggestions, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Directing subclass : Requesting #- - Questioning in: A request for information. For example, John asked \ Bill if the President had said anything about taxes in his State of the Union \ address. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Directing subclass : Questioning #- - Committing in: Instances of this Class commit the agent to some \ future course. For example, Bob promised Susan that he would be home by 11pm. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LinguisticCommunication subclass : Committing #- - Offering in: The subclass of Committing in which a CognitiveAgent offers something Physical to another agent. Offerings may be unconditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a UnilateralGiving) or conditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a Transaction of some sort). (is-subclass-of) superclass : Committing subclass : Offering #- - Declaring in: The Class of LinguisticCommunications that \ effect an institutional alteration when performed by competent authority. \ Some examples are nominating, marrying, and excommunicating. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LinguisticCommunication subclass : Declaring #- - Wedding in: Any Declaring that leads to one person being \ the spouse of another. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Declaring subclass : Wedding #- - Naming in: The Process of assigning a name to someone or something. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Declaring subclass : Naming #- - Cooperation in: The subclass of SocialInteraction where \ the participants involved work together for the achievement of a common \ goal. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SocialInteraction subclass : Cooperation #- - Meeting in: The coming together of two or more \ CognitiveAgents for the purpose of Communication. This covers informal \ meetings, e.g. visits with family members, and formal meetings, e.g. a board \ of directors meeting. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SocialInteraction subclass : Meeting #- - Contest in: A SocialInteraction where the agent and \ patient are CognitiveAgents who are trying to defeat one another. \ Note that this concept is often applied in a metaphorical sense in natural \ language, when we speak, e.g., of the struggle of plants for space or \ sunlight, or of bacteria for food resources in some environment. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SocialInteraction subclass : Contest #- - ViolentContest in: A Contest where one participant attempts to \ physically injure another participant. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Contest subclass : ViolentContest #- - War in: A military confrontation between two or more \ GeopoliticalAreas or Organizations whose members are GeopoliticalAreas. \ As the corresponding axiom specifies, a War is made up of Battles. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ViolentContest subclass : War #- - Battle in: A ViolentContest between two or more military \ units within the context of a war. Note that this does not cover the \ metaphorical sense of 'battle', which simply means a struggle of some \ sort. This sense should be represented with the more general concept of \ Contest. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ViolentContest subclass : Battle #- - Game in: A Contest whose purpose is the \ enjoyment/stimulation of the participants or spectators of the Game. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Contest subclass : Game (is-subclass-of) superclass : RecreationOrExercise subclass : Game #- - Sport in: A Game which requires some degree of physical \ exercion from the participants of the game. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Game subclass : Sport #- - LegalAction in: Any Process where a CognitiveAgent seeks \ to obtain something through a court of law. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Contest subclass : LegalAction #- - Maneuver in: An intentional move or play within a Contest. \ In many cases, a Maneuver is a realization of part of a strategy for \ winning the Contest, but it also may be just an arbitrary or semi-arbitrary \ division of the overarching Contest, e.g. innings in a baseball game. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalProcess subclass : Maneuver #- - Attack in: A Maneuver in a ViolentContest where the \ agent attempts to inflict damage on the patient. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Maneuver subclass : Attack #- - DefensiveManeuver in: A Maneuver in a ViolentContest \ where the agent attempts to avoid being damaged. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Maneuver subclass : DefensiveManeuver #- - Perception in: Sensing some aspect of the material world. \ Note that the agent of this sensing is assumed to be an Animal. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PsychologicalProcess subclass : Perception #- - Seeing in: The subclass of Perception in which the \ sensing is done by an ocular Organ. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Perception subclass : Seeing #- - Looking in: Any instance of Seeing which is intentional. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Seeing subclass : Looking (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalProcess subclass : Looking #- - Smelling in: The subclass of Perception in which the \ sensing is done by an olefactory Organ. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Perception subclass : Smelling #- - Tasting in: The subclass of Perception in which the \ sensing is done by of an Organ which can discriminate various tastes. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Perception subclass : Tasting #- - Hearing in: The subclass of Perception in which the \ sensing is done by an auditory Organ. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Perception subclass : Hearing #- - SoundAttribute in: The volume of sound relative to a listener. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RelationalAttribute subclass : SoundAttribute #- - Audible (SoundAttribute) in: A sound level capable of being heard by a Human. #- - Listening in: Any instance of Hearing which is intentional. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Hearing subclass : Listening (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalProcess subclass : Listening #- - TactilePerception in: The subclass of Perception in which \ the sensing is done by Touching. Note that Touching need not involve \ TactilePerception. For example, a person who has lost all sensation in \ both of his legs would have no TactilePerception of anything his legs \ were Touching. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Perception subclass : TactilePerception #- - Radiating in: Processes in which some form of electromagnetic \ radiation, e.g. radio waves, light waves, electrical energy, etc., is given \ off or absorbed by something else. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Motion subclass : Radiating #- - RadiatingLight in: The subclass of Radiating in which \ light is given off or absorbed. Some examples include blinking, flashing, \ and glittering. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Radiating subclass : RadiatingLight #- - RadiatingSound in: The subclass of Radiating in which \ sound waves are given off or absorbed. Some examples include creaking, \ roaring, and whistling. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Radiating subclass : RadiatingSound #- - Music in: The subclass of RadiatingSound where the \ sound is intended to be melodic and is produced deliberately. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RadiatingSound subclass : Music #- - RadiatingElectromagnetic in: RadiatingElectromagnetic \ is the subclass of Radiating processes in which electromagnetic \ radiation is transmitted or absorbed. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Radiating subclass : RadiatingElectromagnetic #- - RadiatingNuclear in: Releasing atomic energy, i.e. energy from \ a nuclear reaction. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Radiating subclass : RadiatingNuclear #- - StateChange in: Any Process where the PhysicalState \ of part of the patient of the Process changes. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InternalChange subclass : StateChange #- - Melting in: The Class of Processes where an Object is \ heated and converted from a Solid to a Liquid. (is-subclass-of) superclass : StateChange subclass : Melting #- - Boiling in: The Class of Processes where an Object is \ heated and converted from a Liquid to a Gas. (is-subclass-of) superclass : StateChange subclass : Boiling #- - Condensing in: The Class of Processes where an Object is \ cooled and converted from a Gas to a Liquid. (is-subclass-of) superclass : StateChange subclass : Condensing #- - Freezing in: The Class of Processes where an Object is \ cooled and converted from a Liquid to a Solid. (is-subclass-of) superclass : StateChange subclass : Freezing #- - AstronomicalBody in: The Class of all astronomical \ objects of significant size. It includes SelfConnectedObjects \ like planets, stars, and asteroids, as well as Collections like \ nebulae, galaxies, and constellations. Note that the planet Earth \ is an AstronomicalBody, but every Region of Earth is a \ GeographicArea. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Region subclass : AstronomicalBody (are-disjoint) objects : AstronomicalBody GeographicArea #- - GeographicArea in: A geographic location, generally having \ definite boundaries. Note that this differs from its immediate superclass \ Region in that a GeographicArea is a three-dimensional Region of the \ earth. Accordingly, all astronomical objects other than earth and all \ one-dimensional and two-dimensional Regions are not classed under \ GeographicArea. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Region subclass : GeographicArea #- - geographicSubregion (BinaryPredicate TransitiveRelation AsymmetricRelation) in: (geographicSubregion ?PART ?WHOLE) \ means that the GeographicArea ?PART is part of the GeographicArea \ ?WHOLE. (is-subclass-of) superclass : properPart subclass : geographicSubregion (is-subclass-of) superclass : located subclass : geographicSubregion (relation-has-domains) relation : geographicSubregion domain : GeographicArea GeographicArea #- - GeopoliticalArea in: Any GeographicArea which is associated \ with some sort of political structure. This class includes Lands, \ Cities, districts of cities, counties, etc. Note that the identity \ of a GeopoliticalArea may remain constant after a change in borders. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GeographicArea subclass : GeopoliticalArea (is-subclass-of) superclass : Agent subclass : GeopoliticalArea #- - geopoliticalSubdivision (AsymmetricRelation TransitiveRelation) in: (geopoliticalSubdivision \ ?AREA1 ?AREA2) means that ?AREA1 is any geopolitical part of ?AREA2; \ that is, ?AREA1 is an integral geographicSubregion of ?AREA2 (not a \ DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea), having its own associated \ GovernmentOrganization which is subordinated to or constrained by \ the government of ?AREA2. Cf. dependentGeopoliticalArea. (is-subclass-of) superclass : geographicSubregion subclass : geopoliticalSubdivision (relation-has-domains) relation : geopoliticalSubdivision domain : GeopoliticalArea GeopoliticalArea #- - WaterArea in: A body which is made up predominantly of water, \ e.g. rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GeographicArea subclass : WaterArea #- - SaltWaterArea in: A WaterArea whose Water is saline, e.g. \ oceans and seas. (is-subclass-of) superclass : WaterArea subclass : SaltWaterArea (are-disjoint) objects : SaltWaterArea FreshWaterArea #- - FreshWaterArea in: A WaterArea whose Water is not saline, \ e.g. most rivers and lakes. (is-subclass-of) superclass : WaterArea subclass : FreshWaterArea #- - StreamWaterArea in: A relatively narrow WaterArea where the \ water flows constantly and in the same direction, e.g. a river, a stream, \ etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : WaterArea subclass : StreamWaterArea (are-disjoint) objects : StreamWaterArea StaticWaterArea #- - StaticWaterArea in: A WaterArea in which water does not flow \ constantly or in the same direction, e.g. most lakes and ponds. (is-subclass-of) superclass : WaterArea subclass : StaticWaterArea #- - LandArea in: An area which is predominantly solid ground, \ e.g. a Nation, a mountain, a desert, etc. Note that a LandArea may \ contain some relatively small WaterAreas. For example, Australia is \ a LandArea even though it contains various rivers and lakes. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GeographicArea subclass : LandArea #- - ShoreArea in: A ShoreArea is a LandArea approximately \ 1-3 km wide bordering a body of water, such as an ocean, bay, river, \ or lake. A ShoreArea may comprise a variety of LandForms, such as dunes, \ sloughs, and marshes. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LandArea subclass : ShoreArea #- - Continent in: One of the seven largest land masses on earth, \ viz. Africa, North America, SouthAmerica, Antarctica, Europe, Asia, and \ Oceania. Note that this naming scheme is the one used in the CIA World \ Factbook. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LandArea subclass : Continent #- - Island in: A LandArea that is completely surrounded by a WaterArea. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LandArea subclass : Island #- - Nation in: The broadest GeopoliticalArea, i.e. Nations are \ GeopoliticalAreas that are not part of any other overarching and \ comprehensive governance structure (excepting commonwealths and other sorts \ of loose international organizations). (is-subclass-of) superclass : GeopoliticalArea subclass : Nation (is-subclass-of) superclass : LandArea subclass : Nation #- - StateOrProvince in: Administrative subdivisions of a \ Nation that are broader than any other political subdivisions that \ may exist. This Class includes the states of the United States, as \ well as the provinces of Canada and European countries. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GeopoliticalArea subclass : StateOrProvince (is-subclass-of) superclass : LandArea subclass : StateOrProvince #- - City in: A LandArea of relatively small size, inhabited \ by a community of people, and having some sort of political structure. \ Note that this class includes both large cities and small settlements \ like towns, villages, hamlets, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GeopoliticalArea subclass : City (is-subclass-of) superclass : LandArea subclass : City #- - Transitway in: Transitway is the broadest class \ of regions which may be passed through as a path in instances \ of Translocation. Transitway includes land, air, and sea \ regions, and it includes both natural and artificial transitways. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Region subclass : Transitway (is-subclass-of) superclass : SelfConnectedObject subclass : Transitway #- - LandTransitway in: LandTransitway is the subclass of \ Transitway that represents areas intended for motion over the ground. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Transitway subclass : LandTransitway (is-subclass-of) superclass : LandArea subclass : LandTransitway #- - Roadway in: Roadway is the subclass of LandTransitways \ that are areas intended for surface travel by self-powered, wheeled \ vehicles, excluding those that travel on tracks. Roadways have been \ at least minimally improved to enable the passage of vehicles. \ Roadways include dirt and gravelled roads, paved streets, and \ expressways. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LandTransitway subclass : Roadway #- - Water in: The Class of samples of the compound H20. Note \ that this Class covers both pure and impure Water. (is-subclass-of) superclass : CompoundSubstance subclass : Water #- - Mineral in: Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum), or synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form and properties of a naturally occurring mineral. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Substance subclass : Mineral #- - developmentalForm (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation TransitiveRelation) in: (developmentalForm ?OBJECT ?FORM) \ means that ?FORM is an earlier stage in the individual maturation of \ ?OBJECT. For example, tadpole and caterpillar are developmentalForms \ of frogs and butterflies, respectively. (is-subclass-of) superclass : attribute subclass : developmentalForm (relation-has-domains) relation : developmentalForm domain : OrganicObject DevelopmentalAttribute #- - OrganicObject in: This class encompasses Organisms, \ CorpuscularObjects that are parts of Organisms, i.e. BodyParts, \ and CorpuscularObjects that are nonintentionally produced by \ Organisms, e.g. ReproductiveBodies. (is-subclass-of) superclass : CorpuscularObject subclass : OrganicObject (are-disjoint) objects : OrganicObject Artifact #- - Organism in: Generally, a living individual, including all \ Plants and Animals. (is-subclass-of) superclass : OrganicObject subclass : Organism (is-subclass-of) superclass : Agent subclass : Organism #- - inhabits (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A very basic notion of living within something \ else. (inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is the residence \ (either permanent or temporary), nest, etc. of ?ORGANISM. (relation-has-domains) relation : inhabits domain : Organism Object #- - home in: The relation between a Human and a PermanentResidence \ of the Human. (is-subclass-of) superclass : inhabits subclass : home (relation-has-domains) relation : home domain : Human PermanentResidence #- - stays in: The relation between a Human and a TemporaryResidence \ of the Human. (is-subclass-of) superclass : inhabits subclass : stays (relation-has-domains) relation : stays domain : Human TemporaryResidence #- - Plant in: An Organism having cellulose cell walls, growing \ by synthesis of Substances, generally distinguished by the presence of \ chlorophyll, and lacking the power of locomotion. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Organism subclass : Plant #- - FloweringPlant in: A Plant that produces seeds and flowers. \ This class includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and flowers. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Plant subclass : FloweringPlant #- - NonFloweringPlant in: A Plant that reproduces with spores and \ does not produce flowers. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Plant subclass : NonFloweringPlant (is-disjointly-decomposed) whole : NonFloweringPlant component : Alga Fern Fungus Moss (are-disjoint) objects : NonFloweringPlant FloweringPlant #- - Alga in: A chiefly aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll, \ but does not form embryos during development and lacks vascular tissue. (is-subclass-of) superclass : NonFloweringPlant subclass : Alga #- - Fungus in: A eukaryotic Organism characterized by the \ absence of chlorophyll and the presence of rigid cell walls. Included \ here are both slime molds and true fungi such as yeasts, molds, mildews, \ and mushrooms. (is-subclass-of) superclass : NonFloweringPlant subclass : Fungus #- - Moss in: A NonFloweringPlant without true roots and little \ if any vascular tissue. (is-subclass-of) superclass : NonFloweringPlant subclass : Moss #- - Fern in: A NonFloweringPlant that contains vascular tissue. \ This class includes true ferns, as well as horsetails, club mosses, and \ whisk ferns. (is-subclass-of) superclass : NonFloweringPlant subclass : Fern #- - Animal in: An Organism with eukaryotic Cells, and lacking \ stiff cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Organism subclass : Animal #- - Microorganism in: An Organism that can be seen only with \ the aid of a microscope. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Organism subclass : Microorganism #- - Bacterium in: A small, typically one-celled, prokaryotic \ Microorganism. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Microorganism subclass : Bacterium #- - Virus in: An Organism consisting of a core of a single \ nucleic acid enclosed in a protective coat of protein. A virus may replicate \ only inside a host living cell. A virus exhibits some but not all of the \ usual characteristics of living things. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Microorganism subclass : Virus #- - Vertebrate in: An Animal which has a spinal column. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Animal subclass : Vertebrate #- - Invertebrate in: An Animal which has no spinal column. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Animal subclass : Invertebrate (is-disjointly-decomposed) whole : Invertebrate component : Worm Mollusk Arthropod #- - Worm in: Long, narrow, soft-bodied Invertebrates. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Invertebrate subclass : Worm #- - Mollusk in: Soft-bodied Invertebrate that is usually \ contained in a shell. Includes oysters, clams, mussels, snails, slugs, \ octopi, and squid. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Invertebrate subclass : Mollusk #- - Arthropod in: A Class of Invertebrate that includes \ Arachnids and Insects. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Invertebrate subclass : Arthropod (is-disjointly-decomposed) whole : Arthropod component : Arachnid Myriapod Insect Crustacean #- - Arachnid in: A Class of Arthropods that includes \ ticks and spiders. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Arthropod subclass : Arachnid #- - Myriapod in: A Class of Arthropods that includes \ centipedes and millipedes. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Arthropod subclass : Myriapod #- - Insect in: A Class of small Arthropods that are \ air-breathing and that are distinguished by appearance. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Arthropod subclass : Insect #- - Crustacean in: A Class of Arthropods that mainly dwells \ in water and has a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton. Includes \ lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Arthropod subclass : Crustacean #- - ColdBloodedVertebrate in: Vertebrates whose body temperature \ is not internally regulated. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Vertebrate subclass : ColdBloodedVertebrate (is-disjointly-decomposed) whole : ColdBloodedVertebrate component : Amphibian Fish Reptile #- - WarmBloodedVertebrate in: Vertebrates whose body temperature \ is internally regulated. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Vertebrate subclass : WarmBloodedVertebrate (are-disjoint) objects : WarmBloodedVertebrate ColdBloodedVertebrate #- - Amphibian in: A cold-blooded, smooth-skinned Vertebrate \ which characteristically hatches as an aquatic larva, breathing by \ gills. When mature, the Amphibian breathes with Lungs. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ColdBloodedVertebrate subclass : Amphibian #- - Bird in: A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature \ and characterized by the presence of feathers. (is-subclass-of) superclass : WarmBloodedVertebrate subclass : Bird (are-disjoint) objects : Bird Mammal #- - Fish in: A cold-blooded aquatic Vertebrate characterized by \ fins and breathing by gills. Included here are Fish having either a bony \ skeleton, such as a perch, or a cartilaginous skeleton, such as a shark. \ Also included are those Fish lacking a jaw, such as a lamprey or \ hagfish. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ColdBloodedVertebrate subclass : Fish #- - Mammal in: A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature \ and characterized by the presence of hair, mammary glands, and sweat \ glands. (is-subclass-of) superclass : WarmBloodedVertebrate subclass : Mammal (is-disjointly-decomposed) whole : Mammal component : AquaticMammal HoofedMammal Marsupial Rodent Primate #- - AquaticMammal in: The Class of Mammals that dwell chiefly \ in the water. Includes whales, dolphins, manatees, seals, and walruses. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Mammal subclass : AquaticMammal #- - HoofedMammal in: The Class of quadruped Mammals with hooves. \ Includes horses, cows, sheep, pigs, antelope, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Mammal subclass : HoofedMammal #- - Marsupial in: The Class of Mammals which have a pouch for \ their young. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Mammal subclass : Marsupial #- - Carnivore in: The Class of flesh-eating Mammals. Members \ of this Class typically have four or five claws on each paw. Includes \ cats, dogs, bears, racoons, and skunks. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Mammal subclass : Carnivore #- - Canine in: The Class of Carnivores with completely \ separable toes, nonretractable claws, and long muzzles. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Carnivore subclass : Canine (are-disjoint) objects : Canine Feline #- - Feline in: The Class of Carnivores with completely\ separable toes, nonretractable claws, slim bodies, and rounded heads. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Carnivore subclass : Feline #- - Rodent in: The Class of Mammals with one or two pairs \ of incisors for gnawing. Includes rats, mice, guinea pigs, and \ rabbits. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Mammal subclass : Rodent #- - Primate in: The Class of Mammals which are \ Primates. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Mammal subclass : Primate (is-disjointly-decomposed) whole : Primate component : Ape Monkey Hominid #- - Ape in: Various Primates with no tails or only short \ tails. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Primate subclass : Ape #- - Monkey in: Various Primates with relatively long \ tails. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Primate subclass : Monkey #- - Hominid in: Includes Humans and relatively recent \ ancestors of Humans. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Primate subclass : Hominid #- - Human in: Modern man, the only remaining species of the Homo \ genus. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Hominid subclass : Human (is-subclass-of) superclass : CognitiveAgent subclass : Human #- - Man in: The class of Male Humans. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Human subclass : Man #- - Woman in: The class of Female Humans. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Human subclass : Woman #- - Reptile in: A ColdBloodedVertebrate having an external \ covering of scales or horny plates. Reptiles breathe by means of \ Lungs and generally lay eggs. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ColdBloodedVertebrate subclass : Reptile #- - BiologicallyActiveSubstance in: A Substance that is \ capable of inducing a change in the structure or functioning of an \ Organism. This Class includes Substances used in the treatment, \ diagnosis, prevention or analysis of normal and abnormal body function. \ This Class also includes Substances that occur naturally in the body \ and are administered therapeutically. Finally, BiologicallyActiveSubstance \ includes Nutrients, most drugs of abuse, and agents that require special \ handling because of their toxicity. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Substance subclass : BiologicallyActiveSubstance #- - Nutrient in: A BiologicallyActiveSubstance required by an Organism. \ It is generally ingested as Food, and it is of primary interest because of its role \ in the biologic functioning of the Organism. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BiologicallyActiveSubstance subclass : Nutrient (is-disjointly-decomposed) whole : Nutrient component : Protein Carbohydrate Vitamin #- - Protein in: A Nutrient made up of amino acids joined by \ peptide bonds. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Nutrient subclass : Protein #- - Enzyme in: A complex Protein that is produced by living \ cells and which catalyzes specific biochemical reactions. There are six \ main types of enzymes: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, \ lyases, isomerases, and ligases. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Protein subclass : Enzyme #- - Carbohydrate in: An element of living cells and a source of \ energy for Animals. This class includes both simple Carbohydrates, \ i.e. sugars, and complex Carbohydrates, i.e. starches. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Nutrient subclass : Carbohydrate #- - Vitamin in: A Nutrient present in natural products or made \ synthetically, which is essential in the diet of Humans and other higher \ Animals. Included here are Vitamin precursors and provitamins. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Nutrient subclass : Vitamin #- - LiquidMixture in: Any Mixture that satisfies two conditions, \ viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a Liquid and any \ component other than Liquid in the Mixture is in the form of fine particles \ which are suspended in the Liquid. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Mixture subclass : LiquidMixture #- - Solution in: A liquid mixture. The most abundant component in \ a solution is called the solvent. Other components are called solutes. \ A solution, though homogeneous, may nonetheless have variable composition. \ Any amount of salt, up to a maximum limit, can be dissolved in a given \ amount of water. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LiquidMixture subclass : Solution #- - Suspension in: A LiquidMixture where at least one of the \ components of the Mixture is equally distributed throughout the Mixture \ but is not dissolved in it. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LiquidMixture subclass : Suspension #- - GasMixture in: Any Mixture that satisfies two conditions, \ viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a Gas and any \ component other than Gas in the Mixture is in the form of fine particles \ which are suspended in the Gas. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Mixture subclass : GasMixture (are-disjoint) objects : GasMixture LiquidMixture #- - Cloud in: Any GasMixture that is visible, e.g. Smoke produced \ by a fire or clouds of water vapor in the sky. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GasMixture subclass : Cloud #- - Smoke in: A mixture of fine particles suspended in a gas that is \ produced by Combustion. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Cloud subclass : Smoke #- - WaterCloud in: Any Cloud that is composed primarily of water vapor. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Cloud subclass : WaterCloud #- - Air in: Air is the gaseous stuff that makes up the \ atmosphere surrounding Earth. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GasMixture subclass : Air #- - BodySubstance in: Extracellular material and mixtures of \ cells and extracellular material that are produced, excreted or accreted \ by an Organism. Included here are Substances such as saliva, dental \ enamel, sweat, and gastric acid. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Mixture subclass : BodySubstance #- - AnimalSubstance in: BodySubstances that are produced \ exclusively by Animals. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BodySubstance subclass : AnimalSubstance #- - PlantSubstance in: BodySubstances that are produced \ exclusively by Plants. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BodySubstance subclass : PlantSubstance #- - Hormone in: In Animals, a chemical secreted by an \ endocrine gland whose products are released into the circulating fluid. \ Plant hormones or synthetic hormones which are used only to alter or \ control various physiologic processes, e.g., reproductive control agents, \ are assigned to the Class BiologicallyActiveSubstance. Hormones act as \ chemical messengers and regulate various physiologic processes such as \ growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc. They usually fall into two broad \ categories, viz. steroid hormones and peptide hormones. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BodySubstance subclass : Hormone (is-subclass-of) superclass : BiologicallyActiveSubstance subclass : Hormone #- - Blood in: A fluid present in Animals that transports \ Nutrients to and waste products away from various BodyParts. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BodySubstance subclass : Blood #- - Food in: Any SelfConnectedObject containing Nutrients, \ such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a \ living Animal and metabolized into energy and body tissue. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SelfConnectedObject subclass : Food (is-disjointly-decomposed) whole : Food component : Meat Beverage #- - Meat in: Any Food which was originally part of an \ Animal and is not ingested by drinking, including eggs and animal \ blood that is eaten as food. Note that this class covers both raw \ meat and meat that has been prepared in some way, e.g. by cooking. \ Note too that preparations involving Meat and FruitOrVegetable \ are classed directly under Food. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Food subclass : Meat #- - Beverage in: Any Food that is ingested by Drinking. \ Note that this class is disjoint with the other subclasses of Food, \ i.e. Meat and FruitOrVegetable. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Food subclass : Beverage #- - AnatomicalStructure in: A normal or pathological part \ of the anatomy or structural organization of an Organism. This \ class covers BodyParts, as well as structures that are given off \ by Organisms, e.g. ReproductiveBodies. (is-subclass-of) superclass : OrganicObject subclass : AnatomicalStructure #- - AbnormalAnatomicalStructure in: Any AnatomicalStructure which \ is not normally found in the Organism of which it is a part, i.e. it is \ the result of a PathologicProcess. This class covers tumors, birth marks, \ goiters, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : AnatomicalStructure subclass : AbnormalAnatomicalStructure #- - BodyPart in: A collection of Cells and Tissues which \ are localized to a specific area of an Organism and which are not \ pathological. The instances of this Class range from gross structures \ to small components of complex Organs. (is-subclass-of) superclass : AnatomicalStructure subclass : BodyPart #- - AnimalAnatomicalStructure in: AnatomicalStructures that \ are possessed exclusively by Animals. (is-subclass-of) superclass : AnatomicalStructure subclass : AnimalAnatomicalStructure #- - PlantAnatomicalStructure in: AnatomicalStructures that \ are possessed exclusively by Plants. (is-subclass-of) superclass : AnatomicalStructure subclass : PlantAnatomicalStructure #- - ReproductiveBody in: Reproductive structure of Organisms. \ Consists of an Embryonic Object and a nutritive/protective envelope. \ Note that this class includes seeds, spores, and FruitOrVegetables, as \ well as the eggs produced by Animals. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BodyPart subclass : ReproductiveBody #- - Egg in: The fertilized or unfertilized female ReproductiveBody \ of an Animal. This includes Bird and Reptile eggs, as well as mammalian \ ova. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ReproductiveBody subclass : Egg (is-subclass-of) superclass : AnimalAnatomicalStructure subclass : Egg #- - Seed in: The fertilized or unfertilized female ReproductiveBody \ of a FloweringPlant. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ReproductiveBody subclass : Seed (is-subclass-of) superclass : PlantAnatomicalStructure subclass : Seed #- - Pollen in: A powder produced by FloweringPlants that contains male \ gametes and is capable of fertilizing the seeds of FloweringPlants of the same \ species. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ReproductiveBody subclass : Pollen (is-subclass-of) superclass : PlantAnatomicalStructure subclass : Pollen #- - FruitOrVegetable in: Any fruit or vegetable, i.e. a \ ripened ReproductiveBody of a Plant. Note that FruitOrVegetable \ is not a subclass of Food, because some fruits, e.g. poisonous \ berries, are not edible. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PlantAnatomicalStructure subclass : FruitOrVegetable (is-subclass-of) superclass : ReproductiveBody subclass : FruitOrVegetable #- - Spore in: Any ReproductiveBody of a NonFloweringPlant. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ReproductiveBody subclass : Spore (is-subclass-of) superclass : PlantAnatomicalStructure subclass : Spore #- - BodyCovering in: Any BodyPart which is a covering of another \ BodyPart or of an entire Organism. This would include the rinds of \ FruitOrVegetables and the skins of Animals. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BodyPart subclass : BodyCovering #- - BodyJunction in: The place where two BodyParts \ meet or connect. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BodyPart subclass : BodyJunction #- - BodyCavity in: Any BodyPart which contains an unfilled space, \ e.g. BodyVessels, the atria and ventricles of the heart, the lungs, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BodyPart subclass : BodyCavity #- - BodyVessel in: Any tube-like structure which occurs naturally in \ an Organism and through which a BodySubstance can circulate. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BodyCavity subclass : BodyVessel #- - Cell in: The fundamental structural and functional unit of \ living Organisms. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BodyPart subclass : Cell #- - Organ in: A somewhat independent BodyPart that performs a \ specialized function. Note that this functional definition covers bodily \ systems, e.g. the digestive system or the central nervous system. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BodyPart subclass : Organ #- - Gland in: An Organ that removes Substances from the Blood, \ alters them in some way, and then releases them. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Organ subclass : Gland #- - Tissue in: An aggregation of similarly specialized Cells \ and the associated intercellular substance. Tissues are relatively \ non-localized in comparison to BodyParts, Organs or Organ components. \ The main features of Tissues are self-connectivity (see \ SelfConnectedObject) and being a homogeneous mass (all parts in the \ same granularity are instances of Tissue as well). (is-subclass-of) superclass : BodySubstance subclass : Tissue (is-disjointly-decomposed) whole : Tissue component : Bone Muscle FatTissue #- - Bone in: Rigid Tissue composed largely of calcium that makes up \ the skeleton of Vertebrates. Note that this Class also includes teeth. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Tissue subclass : Bone (is-subclass-of) superclass : AnimalSubstance subclass : Bone #- - Muscle in: Nonrigid Tissue appearing only in Animals and \ composed largely of contractile cells. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Tissue subclass : Muscle (is-subclass-of) superclass : AnimalSubstance subclass : Muscle #- - FatTissue in: Nonrigid Tissue that is composed largely of \ fat cells. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Tissue subclass : FatTissue #- - Noun in: One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words \ that conventionally denote Objects. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Word subclass : Noun #- - Verb in: One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words \ that conventionally denote Processes. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Word subclass : Verb #- - Adjective in: One of the parts of speech. The Class of \ Words that conventionally denote Attributes of Objects. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Word subclass : Adjective #- - Adverb in: One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words \ that conventionally denote Attributes of Processes. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Word subclass : Adverb #- - ParticleWord in: An umbrella Class for any Word that does not \ fit into the other subclasses of Word. A ParticleWord is generally a small \ term that serves a grammatical or logical function, e.g. 'and', 'of', \ 'since', etc. At some point, this class might be broken up into the \ subclasses 'Connective', 'Preposition', etc. Note that the class ParticleWord \ includes both personal and possessive pronouns, e.g. 'she', 'hers', 'it', 'its', \ etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Word subclass : ParticleWord #- - Morpheme in: Part of a Word which cannot be subdivided \ and which expresses a meaning. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LinguisticExpression subclass : Morpheme #- - Phrase in: A set of Words in a Language which form a unit, \ i.e. express a meaning in the Language. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LinguisticExpression subclass : Phrase (is-disjointly-decomposed) whole : Phrase component : VerbPhrase NounPhrase PrepositionalPhrase #- - VerbPhrase in: A Phrase that has the same function as a \ Verb. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Phrase subclass : VerbPhrase #- - NounPhrase in: A Phrase that has the same function as a \ Noun. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Phrase subclass : NounPhrase (are-disjoint) objects : NounPhrase VerbPhrase #- - PrepositionalPhrase in: A Phrase that begins with a \ preposition and that functions as an Adjective or an Adverb. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Phrase subclass : PrepositionalPhrase #- - Text in: A LinguisticExpression or set of \ LinguisticExpressions that perform a specific function related \ to Communication, e.g. express a discourse about a particular \ topic, and that are inscribed in a CorpuscularObject by Humans. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LinguisticExpression subclass : Text (is-subclass-of) superclass : Artifact subclass : Text #- - FactualText in: The class of Texts that purport to \ reveal facts about the world. Such texts are often known as information \ or as non-fiction. Note that something can be an instance of \ FactualText, even if it is wholly inaccurate. Whether something \ is a FactualText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating \ the text. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Text subclass : FactualText (are-disjoint) objects : FactualText FictionalText #- - FictionalText in: The class of Texts that purport to \ be largely a product of the author's imagination, i.e. the author \ does not believe that most of the content conveyed by the text is \ an accurate depiction of the real world. Note that something can \ be an instance of FictionalText, even if it is completely true. \ Whether something is a FictionalText is determined by the beliefs \ of the agent creating the text. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Text subclass : FictionalText #- - Sentence in: A syntactically well-formed formula of a \ Language. It includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which \ may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a Proposition. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LinguisticExpression subclass : Sentence #- - authors (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: (authors ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is \ creatively responsible for ?TEXT. For example, Agatha Christie is \ author of Murder_on_the_Orient_Express. (relation-has-domains) relation : authors domain : Agent #- - editor (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: (editor ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is \ an editor of ?TEXT. (relation-has-domains) relation : editor domain : Agent #- - publishes (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: (publishes ?ORG ?TEXT) means that ?ORG \ publishes ?TEXT. For example, Bantam Books publishes Agatha Christie's \ Murder_on_the_Orient_Express. (relation-has-domains) relation : publishes domain : Organization #- - EditionFn (BinaryFunction PartialValuedRelation) in: A BinaryFunction that maps a type of text \ (e.g. Agatha Christie's Murder_on_the_Orient_Express) and a number \ to the edition of the text type corresponding to the number. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ContentBearingObject subclass : EditionFn (relation-has-domains) relation : EditionFn domain : PositiveInteger #- - SeriesVolumeFn (BinaryFunction PartialValuedRelation) in: A BinaryFunction that maps a type of Series \ (e.g. the Encyclopedia_Britannica or the Popular_Mechanics periodical) and a \ number to the volumes of the text type designated by the number. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Text subclass : SeriesVolumeFn (relation-has-domains) relation : SeriesVolumeFn domain : PositiveInteger #- - PeriodicalIssueFn (BinaryFunction PartialValuedRelation) in: A BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of \ Periodical and a number to all of the issues of the Periodical corresponding \ to the number. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Periodical subclass : PeriodicalIssueFn (relation-has-domains) relation : PeriodicalIssueFn domain : PositiveInteger #- - Book in: A Text that has pages and is bound. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Text subclass : Book #- - Summary in: A short Text that is a summary of another, \ longer Text. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Text subclass : Summary #- - Series in: A Text consisting of multiple self-contained units. \ Some examples are an encyclopedia containing a couple dozen volumes, a television \ series made up of many episodes, a film serial, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Text subclass : Series #- - Periodical in: A Series whose elements are published separately \ and on a periodic basis. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Series subclass : Periodical #- - Article in: A relatively short Text that either is unbound or is \ bound with other Articles in a Book. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Text subclass : Article (are-disjoint) objects : Article Book #- - Certificate in: A Text that confers a right or obligation \ on the holder of the Certificate. Note that the right or obligation \ need not be a legal one, as in the case of an academic diploma that grants \ certain privileges in the professional world. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Text subclass : Certificate #- - FinancialInstrument in: A document having monetary value \ or recording a monetary transaction (is-subclass-of) superclass : Certificate subclass : FinancialInstrument #- - Currency in: Any element of the official currrency of some \ Nation. This covers both CurrencyBills and CurrencyCoins. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FinancialInstrument subclass : Currency #- - CurrencyBill in: Any instance of Currency that is made \ of paper. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Currency subclass : CurrencyBill #- - CurrencyCoin in: Any instance of Currency that is made \ of Metal. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Currency subclass : CurrencyCoin #- - Patent in: A Certificate that expresses the content of an \ invention that has been accorded legal protection by a governemental \ entity. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Certificate subclass : Patent #- - Molecule in: A molecule is the smallest unit of matter of a \ CompoundSubstance that retains all the physical and chemical properties \ of that substance, e.g., Ne, H2, H2O. A molecule is two or more Atoms \ linked by a chemical bond. (is-subclass-of) superclass : CompoundSubstance subclass : Molecule #- - Artifact in: A CorpuscularObject that is the product of a \ Making. (is-subclass-of) superclass : CorpuscularObject subclass : Artifact #- - Product in: An Artifact that is produced by Manufacture. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Artifact subclass : Product #- - version (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation TransitiveRelation) in: Some Artifacts have a life cycle with discrete \ stages or versions. (version ARTIFACT1 ARTIFACT2) means that ARTIFACT1 \ is a version of ARTIFACT2. Note that this Predicate relates subclasses of \ Artifact and not instances. #- - StationaryArtifact in: A StationaryArtifact is an Artifact \ that has a fixed spatial location. Most instances of this Class are \ architectural works, e.g. the Eiffel Tower, the Great Pyramids, office towers, \ single-family houses, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Artifact subclass : StationaryArtifact #- - Building in: The Class of StationaryArtifacts which are \ intended to house Humans and their activities. (is-subclass-of) superclass : StationaryArtifact subclass : Building #- - Room in: A properPart of a Building which is separated from \ the exterior of the Building and/or other Rooms of the Building by walls. \ Some Rooms may have a specific purpose, e.g. sleeping, bathing, cooking, \ entertainment, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : StationaryArtifact subclass : Room (are-disjoint) objects : Room Building #- - Residence in: A Building or part of a Building which provides \ some accomodation for sleeping. (is-subclass-of) superclass : StationaryArtifact subclass : Residence #- - PermanentResidence in: A Residence where people live, i.e. \ where people have a home. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Residence subclass : PermanentResidence #- - TemporaryResidence in: A Residence which is strictly temporary, \ i.e. where no one makes his/her home. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Residence subclass : TemporaryResidence #- - ResidentialBuilding in: A Building which provides some \ accomodation for sleeping. Note that this class does not cover just \ permanent residences, e.g. Houses and condominium and apartment buildings, \ but also temporary residences, e.g. hotels and dormitories. \ ResidentialBuildings are also distinguished from CommercialBuildings, \ which are intended to serve an organizational rather than a residential \ function. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Building subclass : ResidentialBuilding (is-subclass-of) superclass : Residence subclass : ResidentialBuilding #- - Hotel in: A ResidentialBuilding which provides temporary \ accommodations to guests in exchange for money. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ResidentialBuilding subclass : Hotel (is-subclass-of) superclass : TemporaryResidence subclass : Hotel (is-subclass-of) superclass : CommercialAgent subclass : Hotel #- - SingleFamilyResidence in: A PermanentResidence which is \ intended to be the home of a single SocialUnit. This class covers \ Houses, ApartmentUnits, and CondominiumUnits. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PermanentResidence subclass : SingleFamilyResidence #- - ArtWork in: Artifacts that are created primarily for \ aesthetic appreciation. Note that this Class does not include \ most examples of architecture, which belong under StationaryArtifact. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Artifact subclass : ArtWork #- - RepresentationalArtWork in: Any ArtWork that represents \ something Physical. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ArtWork subclass : RepresentationalArtWork (is-subclass-of) superclass : Icon subclass : RepresentationalArtWork #- - Fabric in: Artifacts that are created by weaving together \ natural or synthetic fibers or by treating the skins of certain sorts of \ Animals. Note that this Class includes articles that are created by \ stitching together various types of fabrics, e.g. bedspreads. On the other \ hand, Clothing is not a subclass of Fabric, because many clothing items \ contain elements that are not fabrics. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Artifact subclass : Fabric (are-disjoint) objects : Fabric StationaryArtifact #- - Clothing in: Artifact made out of fabrics and possibly other \ materials that are used to cover the bodies of Humans. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Artifact subclass : Clothing (are-disjoint) objects : Clothing StationaryArtifact #- - wears (BinaryPredicate) in: (wears ?AGENT ?CLOTHING) means that ?AGENT is wearing \ the item of Clothing ?CLOTHING. (relation-has-domains) relation : wears domain : Animal Clothing #- - Device in: A Device is an Artifact whose purpose is to \ serve as an instrument in a specific subclass of Process. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Artifact subclass : Device #- - MusicalInstrument in: A Device which is manipulated by a Human \ and whose purpose is to produce Music. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Device subclass : MusicalInstrument #- - TransportationDevice in: A TransportationDevice is a Device \ which serves as the instrument in a Transportation Process which carries \ the patient of the Process from one point to another. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Device subclass : TransportationDevice #- - Vehicle in: Vehicle is the subclass of \ TransportationDevices that transport passengers or goods \ from one place to another by moving from one place to the other \ with them, e.g., cars, trucks, ferries, and airplanes. Contrast \ with devices such as pipelines, escalators, or supermarket \ checkout belts, which carry items from one place to another by means \ of a moving part, without the device removing from the origin to \ the destination. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TransportationDevice subclass : Vehicle #- - MeasuringDevice in: Any Device whose purpose is to measure a \ PhysicalQuantity. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Device subclass : MeasuringDevice #- - AttachingDevice in: A Device whose purpose is to attach one thing \ to something else, e.g. nails, screws, buttons, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Device subclass : AttachingDevice #- - Weapon in: The Class of Devices that are designed \ primarily to damage or destroy Humans/Animals, StationaryArtifacts or \ the places inhabited by Humans/Animals. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Device subclass : Weapon #- - Machine in: Machines are Devices that that have a \ well-defined resource and result and that automatically convert \ the resource into the result. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Device subclass : Machine #- - EngineeringComponent in: A fundamental concept that applies \ in many engineering domains. An EngineeringComponent is an element of \ a Device that is a physically whole object, such as one might \ see listed as standard parts in a catalog. The main difference betweeen \ EngineeringComponents and arbitrary globs of matter is that \ EngineeringComponents are object-like in a modeling sense. Thus, an \ EngineeringComponent is not an arbtrary subregion, but a part of a \ system with a stable identity. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Device subclass : EngineeringComponent #- - engineeringSubcomponent in: (engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB \ ?SUPER) means that the EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a \ properPart of ?SUPER. This relation is an AsymmetricRelation, since \ two EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other. (is-subclass-of) superclass : properPart subclass : engineeringSubcomponent (relation-has-domains) relation : engineeringSubcomponent domain : EngineeringComponent EngineeringComponent #- - connectedEngineeringComponents (SymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: This is the most general \ connection relation between EngineeringComponents. If \ (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor \ ?COMP2 can be an engineeringSubcomponent of the other. The relation \ connectedEngineeringComponents is a SymmetricRelation; there is no \ information in the direction of connection between two components. It is \ also an IrreflexiveRelation; no EngineeringComponent bears this relation \ to itself. Note that this relation does not associate a name or type \ with the connection. (is-subclass-of) superclass : connected subclass : connectedEngineeringComponents (relation-has-domains) relation : connectedEngineeringComponents domain : EngineeringComponent EngineeringComponent #- - EngineeringConnection in: An EngineeringConnection is an \ EngineeringComponent that represents a connection relationship between \ two other EngineeringComponents. It is a reification of the \ Predicate connectedEngineeringComponents. That means that whenever \ this Predicate holds between two EngineeringComponents, there exists an \ EngineeringConnection. The practical reason for reifying a relationship \ is to be able to attach other information about it. For example, one\ might want to say that a particular connection is associated with some \ shared parameters, or that it is of a particular type. \ EngineeringConnections are EngineeringComponents and can therefore be \ an engineeringSubcomponent of other EngineeringComponents. However, \ to provide for modular regularity in component systems, \ EngineeringConnections cannot be connected. For each pair of \ EngineeringComponents related by connectedEngineeringComponents, there \ exists at least one EngineeringConnection. However, that object may not \ be unique, and the same EngineeringConnection may be associated with \ several pairs of EngineeringComponents. (is-subclass-of) superclass : EngineeringComponent subclass : EngineeringConnection #- - connectsEngineeringComponents in: connectsEngineeringComponents \ is a TernaryPredicate that maps from an EngineeringConnection to the \ EngineeringComponents it connects. Since EngineeringComponents cannot \ be connected to themselves and there cannot be an EngineeringConnection \ without a connectedEngineeringComponents Predicate, the second and third \ arguments of any connectsEngineeringComponents relationship will always be \ distinct for any given first argument. (is-subclass-of) superclass : connects subclass : connectsEngineeringComponents (relation-has-domains) relation : connectsEngineeringComponents domain : EngineeringConnection EngineeringComponent EngineeringComponent #- - CommercialAgent in: An Agent that provides products and/or \ services for a fee with the aim of making a profit. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Agent subclass : CommercialAgent #- - Corporation in: An Organization that has a special legal status \ that allows a group of persons to act as a CommercialAgent and that insulates \ the owners (shareholders) from many liabilities that might result from the \ corporation's operation. (is-subclass-of) superclass : CommercialAgent subclass : Corporation (is-subclass-of) superclass : Organization subclass : Corporation #- - Manufacturer in: Any Corporation which manufactures Products. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Corporation subclass : Manufacturer #- - MercantileOrganization in: Any Corporation which sells \ goods or services to customers for a profit. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Corporation subclass : MercantileOrganization #- - Group in: A Collection of Agents, e.g. a flock \ of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Collection subclass : Group (is-subclass-of) superclass : Agent subclass : Group #- - GroupOfPeople in: Any Group whose members are \ exclusively Humans. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Group subclass : GroupOfPeople #- - AgeGroup in: A GroupOfPeople whose members all have the \ same age. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GroupOfPeople subclass : AgeGroup #- - FamilyGroup in: A GroupOfPeople whose members bear \ familyRelations to one another. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GroupOfPeople subclass : FamilyGroup #- - SocialUnit in: A GroupOfPeople who all have the same home. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GroupOfPeople subclass : SocialUnit #- - ImmediateFamilyFn (UnaryFunction) in: (ImmediateFamilyFn ?PERSON) denotes the \ immediate family of ?PERSON, i.e. the Group consisting of the parents of \ ?PERSON and anyone of whom ?PERSON is a parent. (relation-has-domains) relation : ImmediateFamilyFn domain : Human #- - familyRelation (BinaryPredicate EquivalenceRelation) in: A very general Predicate for biological \ relationships. (familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that \ ?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2 are biologically derived from a common ancestor. (relation-has-domains) relation : familyRelation domain : Organism Organism #- - ancestor (TransitiveRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: The transitive closure of the parent predicate. \ (ancestor ?DESCENDANT ?ANCESTOR) means that ?ANCESTOR is either the \ parent of ?DESCENDANT or the parent of the parent of DESCENDANT or \ etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : familyRelation subclass : ancestor (relation-has-domains) relation : ancestor domain : Organism Organism #- - parent (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation IntransitiveRelation) in: The general relationship of parenthood. \ (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is a biological parent \ of ?CHILD. (is-subclass-of) superclass : familyRelation subclass : parent (relation-has-domains) relation : parent domain : Organism Organism #- - mother (SingleValuedRelation) in: The general relationship of motherhood. \ (mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER) means that ?MOTHER is the biological mother \ of ?CHILD. (is-subclass-of) superclass : parent subclass : mother (relation-has-domains) relation : mother domain : Organism Organism #- - father (SingleValuedRelation) in: The general relationship of fatherhood. \ (father ?CHILD ?FATHER) means that ?FATHER is the biological father\ of ?CHILD. (is-subclass-of) superclass : parent subclass : father (relation-has-domains) relation : father domain : Organism Organism #- - daughter in: The general relationship of daughterhood. \ (daughter ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological daughter\ of ?PARENT. (is-subclass-of) superclass : parent subclass : daughter (relation-has-domains) relation : daughter domain : Woman Human #- - son in: The general relationship of being a son. \ (son ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological \ son of ?PARENT. (is-subclass-of) superclass : parent subclass : son (relation-has-domains) relation : son domain : Man Human #- - sibling (BinaryPredicate SymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: The relationship between two Organisms that \ have the same mother and father. Note that this relationship does \ not hold between half-brothers, half-sisters, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : familyRelation subclass : sibling (relation-has-domains) relation : sibling domain : Organism Organism #- - brother (IrreflexiveRelation TransitiveRelation) in: The general relationship of being a brother. \ (brother ?MAN ?PERSON) means that ?MAN is the brother of ?PERSON. (is-subclass-of) superclass : sibling subclass : brother (relation-has-domains) relation : brother domain : Man Human #- - sister (IrreflexiveRelation TransitiveRelation) in: The general relationship of being a sister. \ (sister ?WOMAN ?PERSON) means that ?WOMAN is the sister of ?PERSON. (is-subclass-of) superclass : sibling subclass : sister (relation-has-domains) relation : sister domain : Woman Human #- - legalRelation (BinaryPredicate SymmetricRelation) in: (legalRelation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means \ that ?AGENT1 and ?AGENT2 are relatives by virtue of a legal relationship. \ Some examples include marriage, adoption, etc. (relation-has-domains) relation : legalRelation domain : CognitiveAgent CognitiveAgent #- - spouse (IrreflexiveRelation SymmetricRelation) in: The relationship of marriage between two Humans. (is-subclass-of) superclass : legalRelation subclass : spouse (relation-has-domains) relation : spouse domain : Human Human #- - husband (AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: (husband ?MAN ?WOMAN) means that ?MAN is the \ husband of ?WOMAN. (is-subclass-of) superclass : spouse subclass : husband (relation-has-domains) relation : husband domain : Man Woman (are-inverse) relations : husband wife #- - wife (AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: (wife ?WOMAN ?MAN) means that ?WOMAN is the wife of \ ?MAN. (is-subclass-of) superclass : spouse subclass : wife (relation-has-domains) relation : wife domain : Woman Man #- - EthnicGroup in: A GroupOfPeople whose members originate \ from the same GeographicArea or share the same Language and/or cultural \ practices. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GroupOfPeople subclass : EthnicGroup #- - BeliefGroup in: A GroupOfPeople whose members share a belief \ or set of beliefs. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GroupOfPeople subclass : BeliefGroup #- - Organization in: An Organization is a corporate or similar \ institution. The members of an Organization typically have a common \ purpose or function. Note that this class also covers divisions, departments, \ etc. of organizations. For example, both the Shell Corporation and the \ accounting department at Shell would both be instances of Organization. \ Note too that the existence of an Organization is dependent on the existence \ of at least one member (since Organization is a subclass of Collection). \ Accordingly, in cases of purely legal organizations, a fictitious member \ should be assumed. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Group subclass : Organization (is-subclass-of) superclass : CognitiveAgent subclass : Organization #- - employs (BinaryPredicate) in: (employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has \ hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried, hourly \ or contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary \ compensation. (relation-has-domains) relation : employs domain : Organization CognitiveAgent #- - PoliticalOrganization in: An Organization that is a subOrganization \ of a Government, or an Organization that is attempting to bring about some sort \ of political change. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Organization subclass : PoliticalOrganization #- - MilitaryForce in: MilitaryForce is the subclass of \ Organizations that are organized along military lines and for the \ purpose of either defensive or offensive combat, whether or not \ the force is an official GovernmentOrganization. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PoliticalOrganization subclass : MilitaryForce #- - MilitaryOrganization in: Any heavily armed Organization \ that is part of a Government and that is charged with representing the \ Government in international conflicts. (is-subclass-of) superclass : MilitaryForce subclass : MilitaryOrganization (is-subclass-of) superclass : GovernmentOrganization subclass : MilitaryOrganization #- - ParamilitaryOrganization in: An Organization which is much like \ a MilitaryOrganization, e.g. it is made up of armed fighters, except that it \ is not associated with a Government. (is-subclass-of) superclass : MilitaryForce subclass : ParamilitaryOrganization (are-disjoint) objects : ParamilitaryOrganization GovernmentOrganization #- - GovernmentOrganization in: GovernmentOrganization is the \ class of official Organizations that are concerned with the government \ of a GeopoliticalArea at some level. They may be a subOrganization \ of a government. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Organization subclass : GovernmentOrganization #- - Government in: The ruling body of a GeopoliticalArea. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GovernmentOrganization subclass : Government #- - GovernmentFn (UnaryFunction) in: (GovernmentFn ?AREA) denotes the \ Government of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA. For example, \ (GovernmentFn UnitedStates) denotes the Federal-level government of \ the United States; (GovernmentFn PuertoRico) denotes the government of \ the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. (relation-has-domains) relation : GovernmentFn domain : GeopoliticalArea #- - PoliceOrganization in: Any GovernmentOrganization \ that is charged with domestic enforcement of the laws of the Government. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GovernmentOrganization subclass : PoliceOrganization #- - JudicialOrganization in: JudicialOrganization is the class \ of Organizations whose primary purpose is to render judgments according \ to the statutes or regulations of a government or other organization. \ Judicial bodies are not necessarily government organizations, for example, \ those associated with sporting associations. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Organization subclass : JudicialOrganization #- - EducationalOrganization in: A EducationalOrganization is \ an institution of learning. Some examples are public and private K-12 \ schools, and colleges and universities. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Organization subclass : EducationalOrganization #- - ReligiousOrganization in: An Organization whose members \ share a set of religious beliefs. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Organization subclass : ReligiousOrganization (is-subclass-of) superclass : BeliefGroup subclass : ReligiousOrganization #- - subOrganization (PartialOrderingRelation) in: (subOrganization ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means \ that ?ORG1 is an Organization which is a part of the Organization \ ?ORG2. Note that subOrganization is a ReflexiveRelation, so every \ Organization is a subOrganization of itself. (is-subclass-of) superclass : subCollection subclass : subOrganization (relation-has-domains) relation : subOrganization domain : Organization Organization #- - citizen (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: (citizen ?PERSON ?NATION) means that the \ Human ?PERSON is a citizen of Nation ?NATION. (relation-has-domains) relation : citizen domain : Human Nation #- - FieldOfStudy in: An academic or applied discipline with \ recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice. Note \ that FieldOfStudy is a subclass of Proposition, because a \ FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational \ content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of \ this content. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Proposition subclass : FieldOfStudy #- - Procedure in: A sequence-dependent specification. Some \ examples are ComputerPrograms, finite-state machines, cooking recipes, \ musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts \ of plays and movies. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Proposition subclass : Procedure #- - ComputerProgram in: A set of instructions in a computer \ programming language that can be executed by a computer. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Procedure subclass : ComputerProgram #- - Plan in: A specification of a sequence of Processes which \ is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Procedure subclass : Plan #- - Argument in: Any proposition which has the form of a deductive \ or inductive argument, i.e. a set of premises which, it is claimed, imply \ a conclusion. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Proposition subclass : Argument #- - DeductiveArgument in: An Argument which has the form of a \ deduction, i.e. it is claimed that the set of premises entails the \ conclusion. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Argument subclass : DeductiveArgument #- - ValidDeductiveArgument in: A DeductiveArgument which is \ valid, i.e. the set of premises in fact entails the conclusion. (is-subclass-of) superclass : DeductiveArgument subclass : ValidDeductiveArgument #- - InvalidDeductiveArgument in: DeductiveArguments that are not \ ValidDeductiveArguments, i.e. it is not the case that the set of premises \ in fact entails the conclusion. (is-subclass-of) superclass : DeductiveArgument subclass : InvalidDeductiveArgument #- - Explanation in: An Argument where the conclusion is an \ observed fact and the premises are other facts which collectively imply \ the conclusion. Note that this is the they hypothetico-deductive model \ of explanation. (is-subclass-of) superclass : DeductiveArgument subclass : Explanation #- - InductiveArgument in: An Argument which is inductive, i.e. it is \ claimed that a set of specific cases makes the conclusion, which generalizes \ these cases, more likely to be true. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Argument subclass : InductiveArgument #- - premise (BinaryPredicate TotalValuedRelation) in: (premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the \ Proposition ?PROPOSITION is an explicit assumption of the Argument \ ?ARGUMENT. (relation-has-domains) relation : premise domain : Argument Proposition #- - PremisesFn (UnaryFunction) in: (PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT) returns the complete \ set of premises of the Argument ?ARGUMENT. (relation-has-domains) relation : PremisesFn domain : Argument #- - conclusion (BinaryPredicate SingleValuedRelation TotalValuedRelation) in: (conclusion ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that\ the Proposition ?PROPOSITION is the conclusion explicitly drawn from the \ Argument ?ARGUMENT. Note that it may or may not be the case that ?ARGUMENT \ entails ?PROPOSITION. (relation-has-domains) relation : conclusion domain : Argument Proposition #- - consistent (BinaryPredicate SymmetricRelation) in: (consistent ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that the two \ Propositions ?PROP1 and ?PROP2 are consistent with one another, i.e. it \ is possible for both of them to be true at the same time. (relation-has-domains) relation : consistent domain : Proposition Proposition #- - orientation (SpatialRelation TernaryPredicate) in: A general Predicate for indicating how two \ Objects are oriented with respect to one another. For example, \ (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North) means that ?OBJ1 is north of ?OBJ2, and \ (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Vertical) means that ?OBJ1 is positioned \ vertically with respect to ?OBJ2. (relation-has-domains) relation : orientation domain : Object Object PositionalAttribute #- - direction (CaseRole) in: (direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the \ Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR. For example, one \ would use this Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving \ North. (relation-has-domains) relation : direction domain : Process DirectionalAttribute #- - faces (BinaryPredicate) in: (faces ?OBJ ?DIRECTION) means that the front of \ ?OBJ (see FrontFn) is positioned towards the compass direction ?DIRECTION. \ More precisely, it means that if a line were extended from the center of \ ?DIRECTION, the line would intersect with the front of ?OBJ before it \ intersected with its back (see BackFn). (relation-has-domains) relation : faces domain : Object DirectionalAttribute #- - TruthValue in: The Class of truth values, e.g. True and \ False. These are Attributes of Sentences and Propositions. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RelationalAttribute subclass : TruthValue #- - True (TruthValue) in: The TruthValue of being true. #- - False (TruthValue) in: The TruthValue of being false. (are-contrary-attributes) attributes : False True #- - true in: The BinaryPredicate that relates a Sentence \ to its TruthValue. (is-subclass-of) superclass : property subclass : true (relation-has-domains) relation : true domain : Sentence TruthValue #- - PositionalAttribute in: Attributes characterizing the \ orientation of an Object, e.g. Vertical versus Horizontal, Left \ versus Right etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RelationalAttribute subclass : PositionalAttribute #- - DirectionalAttribute in: The subclass of PositionalAttributes \ that concern compass directions. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PositionalAttribute subclass : DirectionalAttribute #- - North (DirectionalAttribute) in: The compass direction of North. (are-contrary-attributes) attributes : North South #- - South (DirectionalAttribute) in: The compass direction of South. #- - East (DirectionalAttribute) in: The compass direction of East. #- - West (DirectionalAttribute) in: The compass direction of West. #- - Vertical (PositionalAttribute) in: Attribute used to indicate that an Object \ is positioned height-wise with respect to another Object. #- - Horizontal (PositionalAttribute) in: Attribute used to indicate that an Object \ is positioned width-wise with respect to another Object. (are-contrary-attributes) attributes : Horizontal Vertical #- - Above (PositionalAttribute) in: This is a PositionalAttribute derived from the \ up/down schema and not involving contact. Note that this means directly \ above, i.e., if one object is Above another object, then the projections \ of the two objects overlap. (are-contrary-attributes) attributes : Above Below #- - Below (PositionalAttribute) in: This PositionalAttribute is derived from the \ up/down schema and may or may not involve contact. Note that this means \ directly below, i.e., if one object is Below another object, then the \ projections of the two objects overlap. #- - Adjacent (PositionalAttribute) in: Used to assert that an object ?OBJ1 is close \ to, near or abutting ?OBJ2. This PositionalAttribute covers the \ following common sense notions: adjoins, abuts, is contiguous to, \ is juxtaposed, and is close to. #- - Left (PositionalAttribute) in: This PositionalAttribute is derived from the \ left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the left, so that, \ if one object is to the left of another, then the projections of the \ two objects overlap. #- - Right (PositionalAttribute) in: This PositionalAttribute is derived from the \ left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the right, so that, \ if one object is to the right of another, then the projections of the \ two objects overlap. (are-contrary-attributes) attributes : Right Left #- - Near (PositionalAttribute) in: The relation of common sense adjacency. Note that, if \ an object is Near another object, then the objects are not connected. #- - On (PositionalAttribute) in: This is used to assert that an object is on top of \ another object, and it is derived from the up/down schema and involves \ contact. #- - TimeZone in: An Attribute which is used to specify coordinates \ in which time measures are uniform, i.e. all time devices are synchronized to \ the same TimePositions. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RelationalAttribute subclass : TimeZone #- - CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone (TimeZone) in: A TimeZone which functions \ as the standard time zone. It is also known as Zulu time (in the military), \ Greenwich Mean Time, and the Western European time zone. Note that whenever \ a TimeZone is not specified, the TimePosition is understood to be with \ respect to the CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone. #- - PacificTimeZone (TimeZone) in: A TimeZone that covers much of the \ western part of the United States. #- - MountainTimeZone (TimeZone) in: A TimeZone that covers much of the \ Rocky Mountain region of the United States. #- - CentralTimeZone (TimeZone) in: A TimeZone that covers much of the \ midwestern United States. #- - EasternTimeZone (TimeZone) in: A TimeZone that covers much of the \ eastern United States. #- - RelativeTimeFn (BinaryFunction TemporalRelation TotalValuedRelation) in: A means of converting TimePositions \ between different TimeZones. (RelativeTimeFn ?TIME ?ZONE) \ denotes the TimePosition in CoordinatedUniversalTime that is \ contemporaneous with the TimePosition ?TIME in TimeZone ?ZONE.\ For example, (RelativeTimeFn (MeasureFn 14 Hour) EasternTimeZone) \ would return the value (MeasureFn 19 Hour). (relation-has-domains) relation : RelativeTimeFn domain : TimePosition TimeZone #- - SocialRole in: The Class of all Attributes that \ specify the position or status of a CognitiveAgent within an \ Organization or other Group. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RelationalAttribute subclass : SocialRole #- - Unemployed (SocialRole) in: The Attribute of a CognitiveAgent when \ he/she is unemployed. #- - Position in: A formal position of reponsibility within an \ Organization. Examples of Positions include president, laboratory \ director, senior researcher, sales representative, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SocialRole subclass : Position #- - occupiesPosition (TernaryPredicate) in: (occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORG) \ means that ?PERSON holds the Position ?POSITION at Organization ?ORG. \ For example, (occupiesPosition TomSmith ResearchDirector \ AcmeLaboratory) means that TomSmith is a research director at Acme Labs. (relation-has-domains) relation : occupiesPosition domain : Human Position Organization #- - NormativeAttribute in: A Class containing all of the \ Attributes that are specific to morality, legality, aesthetics, \ etiquette, etc. Many of these attributes express a judgement that \ something ought or ought not to be the case. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RelationalAttribute subclass : NormativeAttribute #- - modalAttribute (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: A BinaryRelation that is used to state the \ normative force of a Proposition. (modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP) means \ that the Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA has the NormativeAttribute \ ?PROP. For example, (modalAttribute (exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (and \ (instance ?ACT Giving) (agent ?ACT John) (patient ?ACT ?OBJ) \ (destination ?ACT Tom))) Obligation) means that John is obligated to give \ Tom something. (is-subclass-of) superclass : property subclass : modalAttribute (relation-has-domains) relation : modalAttribute domain : Formula NormativeAttribute #- - SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute in: The Class of NormativeAttributes\ which lack an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. the attribution of \ these Attributes varies from subject to subject and even with respect to the \ same subject over time. This Class is, generally speaking, only used when \ mapping external knowledge sources to the SUMO. If a term from such a knowledge \ source seems to lack objective criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to \ this Class. (is-subclass-of) superclass : NormativeAttribute subclass : SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute (are-disjoint) objects : SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute ObjectiveNorm #- - ObjectiveNorm in: The Class of NormativeAttributes that are \ associated with an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. there is \ broad consensus about the cases where these attributes are applicable. (is-subclass-of) superclass : NormativeAttribute subclass : ObjectiveNorm #- - ContestAttribute in: A Class containing Attributes that are \ specific to participants in a Contest. In particular, these Attributes \ indicate the position of one of the agents in the Contest with respect \ to other agent(s) in the Contest. Some examples of these Attributes \ are winning, losing, won, lost, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ObjectiveNorm subclass : ContestAttribute #- - AlethicAttribute in: A Class containing all of the Attributes \ relating to the notions of possibility and necessity. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ObjectiveNorm subclass : AlethicAttribute #- - Possibility (AlethicAttribute) in: Attribute that applies to Propositions that are \ possible, i.e. true in at least one possible world. #- - Necessity (AlethicAttribute) in: Attribute that applies to Propositions that are \ necessary, i.e. true in every possible world. #- - holdsRight (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: Expresses a relationship between a Formula \ and a CognitiveAgent whereby the CognitiveAgent has the right to \ bring it about that the Formula is true. (relation-has-domains) relation : holdsRight domain : Formula CognitiveAgent #- - confersRight (TernaryPredicate) in: Expresses the relationship between a Formula, \ an Entity, and a CognitiveAgent when the Entity authorizes the \ CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the Formula is true. (relation-has-domains) relation : confersRight domain : Formula Entity CognitiveAgent #- - holdsObligation (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: Expresses a relationship between a \ Formula and a CognitiveAgent whereby the CognitiveAgent has \ the obligation to bring it about that the Formula is true. (relation-has-domains) relation : holdsObligation domain : Formula CognitiveAgent #- - confersObligation (TernaryPredicate) in: Expresses the relationship between a \ a Formula, an Entity, and a CognitiveAgent when the Entity \ obligates the CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the Formula is \ true. (relation-has-domains) relation : confersObligation domain : Formula Entity CognitiveAgent #- - DeonticAttribute in: A Class containing all of the Attributes \ relating to the notions of permission, obligation, and prohibition. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ObjectiveNorm subclass : DeonticAttribute #- - Permission (DeonticAttribute) in: Attribute that applies to Propositions that an \ Agent is permitted, by some authority, to make true. #- - Obligation (DeonticAttribute) in: Attribute that applies to Propositions that an \ Agent is required, by some authority, to make true. #- - Law in: Attribute that applies to Propositions that are \ required by a government or a branch of the government and that are enforced \ with penalties for noncompliance. These Propositions may be codified as \ legislation or they may be more informal, as in the case of government policy. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Obligation subclass : Law #- - Promise in: Attribute that applies to Propositions that \ an Agent promises to make true. Promises may be implicit or explicit. \ They may be expressed in a written or verbal or gestural manner. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Obligation subclass : Promise #- - Contract in: Attribute that applies to Propositions where \ something is promised in return, i.e. a reciprocal promise. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Promise subclass : Contract #- - PurchaseContract in: A Contract between two Agents in \ which one Agent agrees to render the other some good or service in \ exchange for currency. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Contract subclass : PurchaseContract #- - ServiceContract in: A Contract where an Agent agrees to \ perform a service for another Agent (usually for a price). (is-subclass-of) superclass : Contract subclass : ServiceContract #- - Warranty in: A Contract that states the cirumstances \ under which defects in the product will be corrected for no charge. \ A Warranty is usually limited to a length of time that is specified \ in the Warranty itself. A Warranty also includes information about \ what is not covered and actions that invalidate the Warranty. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ServiceContract subclass : Warranty #- - NakedPromise in: A Promise where nothing is promised in return, \ i.e. a nudum pactum. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Promise subclass : NakedPromise (are-contrary-attributes) attributes : NakedPromise Contract #- - Prohibition (DeonticAttribute) in: Prohibition is the DeonticAttribute that \ applies to Formulas that an Agent is forbidden, by some authority, \ to make true. #- - ProbabilityAttribute in: A class containing all of the Attributes \ relating to objective, qualitative assessments of probability, e.g. Likely and \ Unlikely. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ObjectiveNorm subclass : ProbabilityAttribute #- - Likely (ProbabilityAttribute) in: The ProbabilityAttribute of being probable, i.e. more \ likely than not to be True. (are-contrary-attributes) attributes : Likely Unlikely #- - Unlikely (ProbabilityAttribute) in: The ProbabilityAttribute of being improbable, i.e. more \ likely than not to be False. #- - PhysicalState in: The physical state of an Object. There \ are three reified instances of this Class: Solid, Liquid, and Gas. \ Physical changes are not characterized by the transformation of one \ substance into another, but rather by the change of the form (physical \ states) of a given substance. For example, melting an iron nail yields a \ substance still called iron. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InternalAttribute subclass : PhysicalState (are-exhaustive-attributes-for) attribute : PhysicalState values : Solid Fluid Liquid Gas Plasma #- - Solid (PhysicalState) in: An Object has the Attribute of Solid if it \ has a fixed shape and a fixed volume. (are-contrary-attributes) attributes : Solid Liquid #- - Fluid (PhysicalState) in: Fluid is the PhysicalState attribute of an \ Object that does not have a fixed shape and thus tends to flow or to \ conform to the shape of a container. #- - Liquid (PhysicalState) in: An Object has the Attribute of Liquid if \ it has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Fluid subclass : Liquid #- - Gas (PhysicalState) in: An Object has the Attribute of Gas if it has \ neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Fluid subclass : Gas #- - Plasma (PhysicalState) in: An extremely energetic PhysicalState that consists \ of atomic nuclei stripped of electrons. That is, a plasma is composed of \ positive ions and free electrons. Plasma behaves differently enough from \ Gas that it is referred to as the fourth state of matter. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Fluid subclass : Plasma #- - PerceptualAttribute in: Any Attribute whose presence is detected \ by an act of Perception. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InternalAttribute subclass : PerceptualAttribute #- - TasteAttribute in: The Class of Attributes relating to \ the taste of Objects. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PerceptualAttribute subclass : TasteAttribute #- - OlfactoryAttribute in: The Class of properties that are \ detectable by smell. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PerceptualAttribute subclass : OlfactoryAttribute #- - VisualAttribute in: The Class of visually discernible \ properties. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PerceptualAttribute subclass : VisualAttribute #- - Illuminated (VisualAttribute) in: The Attribute of Regions that are \ illuminated to some degree, i.e. in which some shapes are visually \ discernable. #- - Unilluminated (VisualAttribute) in: The Attribute of Regions that are \ unilluminated, i.e in which no shapes are visually discernable. (are-contrary-attributes) attributes : Unilluminated Illuminated #- - ColorAttribute in: The Class of Attributes relating to the \ color of Objects. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InternalAttribute subclass : ColorAttribute #- - PrimaryColor in: Colors which can be blended to form any \ color and which cannot be derived from any other colors. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ColorAttribute subclass : PrimaryColor #- - Red (PrimaryColor) in: The Attribute of redness. #- - Blue (PrimaryColor) in: The Attribute of being blue in color. #- - Yellow (PrimaryColor) in: The Attribute of being yellow in color. #- - White (PrimaryColor) in: The Attribute of being white in color. #- - Black (PrimaryColor) in: The Attribute of being black in color. #- - Monochromatic (ColorAttribute) in: An Object with this Attribute has \ the same color on every part of its surface. #- - Polychromatic (ColorAttribute) in: An Object with this Attribute has \ different colors on different parts of its surface. (are-contrary-attributes) attributes : Polychromatic Monochromatic #- - ShapeAttribute in: Any Attribute that relates to the \ shape of an Object. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InternalAttribute subclass : ShapeAttribute #- - Pliable (InternalAttribute) in: The shape of an Object with this Attribute \ can easily be altered. #- - Rigid (InternalAttribute) in: The shape of an Object with this Attribute \ cannot be altered without breaking. (are-contrary-attributes) attributes : Rigid Pliable #- - GeometricFigure in: The class of all geometric figures, i.e. the \ class of all abstract, spatial representations. The instances of this class \ are GeometricPoints, TwoDimensionalFigures or ThreeDimensionalFigures. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ShapeAttribute subclass : GeometricFigure #- - GeometricPoint in: The class of zero-dimensional \ GeometricFigures, i.e. the class of GeometricFigures that have position \ but lack extension in any dimension. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GeometricFigure subclass : GeometricPoint #- - OneDimensionalFigure in: The class of GeometricFigures that \ have position and an extension along a single dimension, viz. straight lines. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GeometricFigure subclass : OneDimensionalFigure #- - TwoDimensionalFigure in: The class of GeometricFigures that \ have position and an extension along two dimensions, viz. plane figures \ like circles and polygons. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GeometricFigure subclass : TwoDimensionalFigure #- - OpenTwoDimensionalFigure in: The class of TwoDimensionalFigures that \ are not ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TwoDimensionalFigure subclass : OpenTwoDimensionalFigure #- - TwoDimensionalAngle in: Any two OneDimensionalFigures (i.e. \ straight lines) meeting at a single GeometricPoint. (is-subclass-of) superclass : OpenTwoDimensionalFigure subclass : TwoDimensionalAngle #- - ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure in: Any TwoDimensionalFigure which \ has a well defined interior and exterior. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TwoDimensionalFigure subclass : ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure #- - ThreeDimensionalFigure in: The class of GeometricFigures that \ have position and an extension along three dimensions, viz. geometric solids \ like polyhedrons and cylinders. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GeometricFigure subclass : ThreeDimensionalFigure #- - geometricPart (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: (geometricPart ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the \ GeometricFigure ?PART is part of the GeometricFigure ?WHOLE. (relation-has-domains) relation : geometricPart domain : GeometricFigure GeometricFigure #- - pointOfFigure in: (pointOfFigure ?POINT ?FIGURE) means that \ the GeometricPoint ?POINT is part of the GeometricFigure ?FIGURE. (is-subclass-of) superclass : geometricPart subclass : pointOfFigure (relation-has-domains) relation : pointOfFigure domain : GeometricPoint GeometricFigure #- - angleOfFigure in: (angleOfFigure ?ANGLE ?FIGURE) means that \ the TwoDimensionalAngle ?ANGLE is part of the GeometricFigure ?FIGURE. (is-subclass-of) superclass : geometricPart subclass : angleOfFigure (relation-has-domains) relation : angleOfFigure domain : TwoDimensionalAngle GeometricFigure #- - pointOfIntersection (TernaryPredicate) in: (pointOfIntersection ?FIGURE1 ?FIGURE2 \ ?POINT) means that the two straight lines ?FIGURE1 and ?FIGURE2 meet at the \ point ?POINT. (relation-has-domains) relation : pointOfIntersection domain : OneDimensionalFigure OneDimensionalFigure GeometricPoint #- - parallel (BinaryPredicate) in: (parallel ?LINE1 ?LINE2) means that the \ OneDimensionalFigures ?LINE1 and ?LINE2 are parallel to one another, \ i.e. they are equidistant from one another at every point. (relation-has-domains) relation : parallel domain : OneDimensionalFigure OneDimensionalFigure #- - angularMeasure (BinaryPredicate TotalValuedRelation) in: (angularMeasure ?ANGLE ?MEASURE) means that \ the two-dimensional geometric angle ?ANGLE has the PlaneAngleMeasure of \ ?MEASURE. (relation-has-domains) relation : angularMeasure domain : TwoDimensionalAngle PlaneAngleMeasure #- - lineMeasure (BinaryPredicate TotalValuedRelation) in: (lineMeasure ?LINE ?MEASURE) means that the \ straight line ?LINE has the LengthMeasure of ?MEASURE. (relation-has-domains) relation : lineMeasure domain : OneDimensionalFigure LengthMeasure #- - geometricDistance (TernaryPredicate SingleValuedRelation TotalValuedRelation) in: (geometricDistance ?POINT1 ?POINT2 \ ?LENGTH) means that ?LENGTH is the distance between the two \ GeometricPoints ?POINT1 and ?POINT2. (relation-has-domains) relation : geometricDistance domain : GeometricPoint GeometricPoint LengthMeasure #- - SaturationAttribute in: A Class of Attributes that specify, in \ a qualitative manner, the extent of the presence of one kind of Object in \ another kind of Object. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InternalAttribute subclass : SaturationAttribute #- - Dry (SaturationAttribute) in: An Attribute which indicates that the associated \ Object contains no Liquid. (are-contrary-attributes) attributes : Dry Damp #- - Damp (SaturationAttribute) in: An Attribute which indicates that the associated \ Object contains some Liquid. #- - Wet (SaturationAttribute) in: An Attribute which indicates that the \ associated Object is fully saturated with a Liquid, i.e. \ every part of the Object has a subpart which is a Liquid. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Damp subclass : Wet #- - BiologicalAttribute in: Attributes that apply specifically \ to instances of Organism. (is-subclass-of) superclass : InternalAttribute subclass : BiologicalAttribute #- - BodyPosition in: The class of Attributes expressing \ configurations of bodies or parts of bodies of animals or humans, \ e.g. standing, sitting, kneeling, lying down, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BiologicalAttribute subclass : BodyPosition #- - Standing (BodyPosition) in: The BodyPosition of being upright, i.e. being \ fully extended and supported by nothing other than one's own feet. #- - Sitting (BodyPosition) in: The BodyPosition of being recumbent, i.e. \ knees bent and back side supported. #- - Prostrate (BodyPosition) in: The BodyPosition of lying down, being in a \ horizontal position. #- - AnimacyAttribute in: Attributes that indicate whether an \ Organism is alive or not. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BiologicalAttribute subclass : AnimacyAttribute (are-exhaustive-attributes-for) attribute : AnimacyAttribute values : Living Dead #- - Living (AnimacyAttribute) in: This Attribute applies to Organisms that are \ alive. #- - Dead (AnimacyAttribute) in: This Attribute applies to Organisms that are \ not alive. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Unconscious subclass : Dead (are-contrary-attributes) attributes : Dead Living #- - SexAttribute in: Attributes that indicate the sex of an \ Organism. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BiologicalAttribute subclass : SexAttribute (are-exhaustive-attributes-for) attribute : SexAttribute values : Female Male #- - Female (SexAttribute) in: An Attribute indicating that an Organism is \ female in nature. #- - Male (SexAttribute) in: An Attribute indicating that an Organism is \ male in nature. (are-contrary-attributes) attributes : Male Female #- - DevelopmentalAttribute in: Attributes that indicate the \ stage of development of an Organism. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BiologicalAttribute subclass : DevelopmentalAttribute (are-exhaustive-attributes-for) attribute : DevelopmentalAttribute values : FullyFormed NonFullyFormed #- - FullyFormed (DevelopmentalAttribute) in: The stage of an Organism when it has reached \ the end of its growth phase. #- - NonFullyFormed (DevelopmentalAttribute) in: The stage of an Organism before it is \ FullyFormed. (are-contrary-attributes) attributes : NonFullyFormed FullyFormed #- - Larval in: Form of most Invertebrates, Amphibians, and \ Fish immediately after they hatch. This form is fundamentally unlike \ the adult form, and metamorphosis is required to reach the latter form. (is-subclass-of) superclass : NonFullyFormed subclass : Larval #- - Embryonic in: The stage of an Organism or an \ AnatomicalStructure that exists only before the Organism is born. \ Mammals, for example, have this Attribute only prior to \ their birth. (is-subclass-of) superclass : NonFullyFormed subclass : Embryonic (are-contrary-attributes) attributes : Embryonic Larval #- - DiseaseOrSyndrome in: A BiologicalAttribute which qualifies \ something that alters or interferes with a normal process, state or activity \ of an Organism. It is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of \ one or more of the host's systems, parts, or Organs. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BiologicalAttribute subclass : DiseaseOrSyndrome #- - PsychologicalAttribute in: Attributes that characterize the mental \ or behavioral life of an Organism. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BiologicalAttribute subclass : PsychologicalAttribute #- - StateOfMind in: The class StateOfMind is distinguished from \ its complement TraitAttribute by the fact that instances of the former are \ transient while instances of the latter are persistent features of a creature's behavioral/psychological make-up. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PsychologicalAttribute subclass : StateOfMind #- - EmotionalState in: The Class of Attributes that denote emotional \ states of Organisms. (is-subclass-of) superclass : StateOfMind subclass : EmotionalState #- - ConsciousnessAttribute in: Attributes that indicate whether \ an Organism is conscious or the qualitative degree of consciousness of \ an Organism. (is-subclass-of) superclass : StateOfMind subclass : ConsciousnessAttribute #- - Asleep (ConsciousnessAttribute) in: Attribute that applies to Organisms that are \ sleeping. #- - Unconscious (ConsciousnessAttribute) in: Attribute that applies to Organisms that \ are unconscious. An Organism may be Unconscious because it is Dead \ or because of a blow to the head, a drug, etc. (are-contrary-attributes) attributes : Unconscious Awake #- - Awake (ConsciousnessAttribute) in: Attribute that applies to Organisms that are \ neither Unconscious nor Asleep. #- - TraitAttribute in: Attributes that indicate the the \ behavior/personality traits of an Organism. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PsychologicalAttribute subclass : TraitAttribute #- - PsychologicalDysfunction in: A clinically significant \ dysfunction whose major manifestation is behavioral or psychological. \ These dysfunctions may have identified or presumed biological etiologies \ or manifestations. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PsychologicalAttribute subclass : PsychologicalDysfunction (is-subclass-of) superclass : DiseaseOrSyndrome subclass : PsychologicalDysfunction