#- - # # SUMO (Suggested Upper Merged Ontology) # # Converted to Topic Maps by kif2atm (0.1) # # Sun Dec 19 15:21:12 2004 #- - instance (BinaryPredicate) in: An object is an instance of a SetOrClass if \ it is included in that SetOrClass. An individual may be an instance of many \ classes, some of which may be subclasses of others. Thus, there is no \ assumption in the meaning of instance about specificity or uniqueness. (relation-has-domains) relation : instance domain : Entity SetOrClass #- - immediateInstance (AsymmetricRelation IntransitiveRelation) in: An object is an immediateInstance of \ a SetOrClass if it is an instance of the SetOrClass and it is not an \ instance of a proper subclass of SetOrClass. (is-subclass-of) superclass : instance subclass : immediateInstance #- - inverse (BinaryPredicate IrreflexiveRelation IntransitiveRelation SymmetricRelation) in: The inverse of a BinaryRelation is a relation \ in which all the tuples of the original relation are reversed. In \ other words, one BinaryRelation is the inverse of another if they are \ equivalent when their arguments are swapped. (relation-has-domains) relation : inverse domain : BinaryRelation BinaryRelation #- - subclass (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that ?CLASS1 is \ a subclass of ?CLASS2, i.e. every instance of ?CLASS1 is also an instance of \ ?CLASS2. A class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses. (relation-has-domains) relation : subclass domain : SetOrClass SetOrClass #- - immediateSubclass (AsymmetricRelation IntransitiveRelation) in: A SetOrClass ?CLASS1 is an immediateSubclass \ of another SetOrClass ?CLASS2 just in case ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2 and \ there is no other subclass of ?CLASS2 such that ?CLASS1 is also a subclass of it. (is-subclass-of) superclass : subclass subclass : immediateSubclass #- - subrelation (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: (subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that \ every tuple of ?REL1 is also a tuple of ?REL2. In other words, if \ the Relation ?REL1 holds for some arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n, \ then the Relation ?REL2 holds for the same arguments. A consequence \ of this is that a Relation and its subrelations must have the same \ valence. In CycL, subrelation is called #$genlPreds. (relation-has-domains) relation : subrelation domain : Relation Relation #- - domain (TernaryPredicate) in: Provides a computationally and heuristically\ convenient mechanism for declaring the argument types of a given relation. \ The formula (domain ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INT'th element of each \ tuple in the relation ?REL must be an instance of ?CLASS. Specifying argument\ types is very helpful in maintaining ontologies. Representation systems can \ use these specifications to classify terms and check integrity constraints. \ If the restriction on the argument type of a Relation is not captured by a \ SetOrClass already defined in the ontology, one can specify a SetOrClass \ compositionally with the functions UnionFn, IntersectionFn, etc. (relation-has-domains) relation : domain domain : Relation PositiveInteger SetOrClass #- - domainSubclass (TernaryPredicate) in: Predicate used to specify argument \ type restrictions of Predicates. The formula (domainSubclass \ ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INT'th element of each tuple in the \ relation ?REL must be a subclass of ?CLASS. (relation-has-domains) relation : domainSubclass domain : Relation PositiveInteger SetOrClass #- - equal (BinaryPredicate EquivalenceRelation RelationExtendedToQuantities) in: (equal ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) is true just in case \ ?ENTITY1 is identical with ?ENTITY2. (relation-has-domains) relation : equal domain : Entity Entity #- - range (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: Gives the range of a function. In other words, \ (range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by \ ?FUNCTION are instances of ?CLASS. (relation-has-domains) relation : range domain : Function SetOrClass #- - rangeSubclass (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: (rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that \ all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are subclasses of ?CLASS. (relation-has-domains) relation : rangeSubclass domain : Function #- - valence (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation SingleValuedRelation) in: Specifies the number of arguments that a \ relation can take. If a relation does not have a fixed number of \ arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of \ VariableArityRelation. For example, holds is a \ VariableArityRelation. (relation-has-domains) relation : valence domain : Relation PositiveInteger #- - documentation (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A relation between objects in the domain \ of discourse and strings of natural language text. The domain of \ documentation is not constants (names), but the objects themselves. \ This means that one does not quote the names when associating them with \ their documentation. (relation-has-domains) relation : documentation domain : Entity SymbolicString #- - disjoint (BinaryPredicate SymmetricRelation) in: Classes are disjoint only if they share no \ instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying IntersectionFn to\ them is empty. (relation-has-domains) relation : disjoint domain : SetOrClass SetOrClass #- - disjointRelation (Predicate VariableArityRelation) in: This predicate relates any number of Relations. \ (disjointRelation @ROW) means that any two relations in @ROW have no tuples in \ common. As a consequence, the intersection of all of the relations in @ROW is the \ null set. #- - contraryAttribute (Predicate VariableArityRelation) in: A contraryAttribute is a set of Attributes \ such that something can not simultaneously have more than one of these Attributes. \ For example, (contraryAttribute Pliable Rigid) means that nothing can be both \ Pliable and Rigid. #- - exhaustiveAttribute (Predicate VariableArityRelation) in: This predicate relates a Class to a \ set of Attributes, and it means that the elements of this set exhaust the \ instances of the Class. For example, (exhaustiveAttribute PhysicalState \ Solid Fluid Liquid Gas) means that there are only three instances of \ the class PhysicalState, viz. Solid, Fluid, Liquid, and Gas. #- - exhaustiveDecomposition (Predicate VariableArityRelation) in: An exhaustiveDecomposition of a \ Class C is a set of subclasses of C such that every instance of C is an \ instance of one of the subclasses in the set. Note: this does not necessarily \ mean that the elements of the set are disjoint (see partition - a partition \ is a disjoint exhaustive decomposition). (relation-has-domains) relation : exhaustiveDecomposition domain : Class #- - disjointDecomposition (Predicate VariableArityRelation) in: A disjointDecomposition of a Class \ C is a set of subclasses of C that are mutually disjoint. (relation-has-domains) relation : disjointDecomposition domain : Class #- - partition (Predicate VariableArityRelation) in: A partition of a class C is a set of \ mutually disjoint classes (a subclass partition) which covers C. \ Every instance of C is an instance of exactly one of the subclasses \ in the partition. (relation-has-domains) relation : partition domain : Class #- - relatedInternalConcept (BinaryPredicate EquivalenceRelation) in: Means that the two arguments are \ related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity \ of meaning between them. To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO \ concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate \ relatedExternalConcept. (relation-has-domains) relation : relatedInternalConcept domain : Entity Entity #- - relatedExternalConcept (TernaryPredicate) in: Used to signify a three-place \ relation between a concept in an external knowledge source, a concept \ in the SUMO, and the name of the other knowledge source. (relation-has-domains) relation : relatedExternalConcept domain : SymbolicString Entity Language #- - synonymousExternalConcept in: (synonymousExternalConcept \ ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING has the \ same meaning as ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE. (is-subclass-of) superclass : relatedExternalConcept subclass : synonymousExternalConcept #- - subsumingExternalConcept in: (subsumingExternalConcept \ ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING subsumes \ the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is broader \ in meaning than ?STRING. (is-subclass-of) superclass : relatedExternalConcept subclass : subsumingExternalConcept #- - subsumedExternalConcept in: (subsumedExternalConcept \ ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING is subsumed \ by the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is narrower \ in meaning than ?STRING. (is-subclass-of) superclass : relatedExternalConcept subclass : subsumedExternalConcept #- - subAttribute (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: Means that the second argument can be \ ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it. (relation-has-domains) relation : subAttribute domain : Attribute Attribute #- - successorAttribute (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: (successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) \ means that ?ATTR2 is the Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 \ on the scale that they share. (relation-has-domains) relation : successorAttribute domain : Attribute Attribute #- - successorAttributeClosure (BinaryPredicate TransitiveRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: The transitive closure of \ successorAttribute. (successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means \ that there is a chain of successorAttribute assertions connecting \ ?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2. (relation-has-domains) relation : successorAttributeClosure domain : Attribute Attribute #- - entails (BinaryPredicate) in: The operator of logical entailment. (entails \ ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 can be derived from ?FORMULA1 \ by means of the proof theory of SUO-KIF. (relation-has-domains) relation : entails domain : Formula Formula #- - AssignmentFn (Function VariableArityRelation) in: If F is a Function with a value for the \ objects denoted by N1,..., NK, then (AssignmentFn F N1 ... NK) is the \ value of applying F to the objects denoted by N1,..., NK. Otherwise, \ the value is undefined. (relation-has-domains) relation : AssignmentFn domain : Function #- - holds (Predicate VariableArityRelation) in: (holds P N1 ... NK) is true just in case \ the tuple of objects denoted by N1,..., NK is an element of \ the Relation P. (relation-has-domains) relation : holds domain : Relation #- - PowerSetFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (PowerSetFn ?CLASS) maps the SetOrClass \ ?CLASS to the SetOrClass of all subclasses of ?CLASS. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SetOrClass subclass : PowerSetFn (relation-has-domains) relation : PowerSetFn domain : SetOrClass #- - Entity in: The universal class of individuals. This is the root \ node of the ontology. #- - Thing (Entity) #- - Physical in: An entity that has a location in space-time. \ Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in \ space-time. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Entity subclass : Physical #- - Object in: Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary \ objects. Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, \ and locations of Processes, the complement of Objects in the Physical \ class. In a 4D ontology, an Object is something whose spatiotemporal \ extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the \ time-axis. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Physical subclass : Object #- - SelfConnectedObject in: A SelfConnectedObject is any \ Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Object subclass : SelfConnectedObject #- - FrontFn (SpatialRelation PartialValuedRelation UnaryFunction AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: A Function that maps an Object to the side \ that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the \ direction in which the Object moves. Note that this is a partial \ function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and \ spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in \ much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. \ Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, \ it does not have significant practical implications, since there is \ widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. (relation-has-domains) relation : FrontFn domain : SelfConnectedObject #- - BackFn (SpatialRelation PartialValuedRelation UnaryFunction AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: A Function that maps an Object to the side \ that is opposite the FrontFn of the Object. Note that this is a \ partial function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples \ and spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in \ much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. \ Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, \ it does not have significant practical implications, since there is \ widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. (relation-has-domains) relation : BackFn domain : SelfConnectedObject #- - part (SpatialRelation PartialOrderingRelation) in: The basic mereological relation. All other \ mereological relations are defined in terms of this one. \ (part ?PART ?WHOLE) simply means that the Object ?PART is part\ of the Object ?WHOLE. Note that, since part is a \ ReflexiveRelation, every Object is a part of itself. (relation-has-domains) relation : part domain : Object Object #- - properPart (AsymmetricRelation TransitiveRelation) in: (properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that \ ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a \ TransitiveRelation and AsymmetricRelation (hence an \ IrreflexiveRelation). (is-subclass-of) superclass : part subclass : properPart #- - piece in: A specialized common sense notion of part for \ arbitrary parts of Substances. Quasi-synonyms are: chunk, hunk, bit, \ etc. Compare component, another subrelation of part. (is-subclass-of) superclass : part subclass : piece (relation-has-domains) relation : piece domain : Substance Substance #- - component in: A specialized common sense notion of part \ for heterogeneous parts of complexes. (component ?COMPONENT ?WHOLE) \ means that ?COMPONENT is a component of ?WHOLE. Examples of component \ include the doors and walls of a house, the states or provinces of a \ country, or the limbs and organs of an animal. Compare piece, which \ is also a subrelation of part. (is-subclass-of) superclass : part subclass : component (relation-has-domains) relation : component domain : CorpuscularObject CorpuscularObject #- - material (BinaryPredicate) in: (material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that \ ?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation \ encompasses the concepts of 'composed of', 'made of', and 'formed of'. \ For example, plastic is a material of my computer monitor. Compare \ part and its subrelations, viz component and piece. (relation-has-domains) relation : material domain : CorpuscularObject #- - contains (SpatialRelation AsymmetricRelation) in: The relation of spatial containment for two \ separable objects. When the two objects are not separable (e.g. an \ automobile and one of its seats), the relation of part should be used. \ (contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the SelfConnectedObject ?OBJ1 has \ a space (i.e. a Hole) which is at least partially filled by ?OBJ2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : partlyLocated subclass : contains (relation-has-domains) relation : contains domain : SelfConnectedObject Object #- - Substance in: An Object in which every part is similar to \ every other in every relevant respect. More precisely, something is a \ Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts - any parts have \ properties which are similar to those of the whole. Note that a Substance \ may nonetheless have physical properties that vary. For example, the \ temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part \ to another. An example would be a body of water. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SelfConnectedObject subclass : Substance #- - SyntheticSubstance in: Any Substance that is the result of an \ IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that is created by Humans. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Substance subclass : SyntheticSubstance #- - NaturalSubstance in: Any Substance that is not the result of \ an IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that occurs naturally. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Substance subclass : NaturalSubstance #- - PureSubstance in: The Class of Substances with constant \ composition. A PureSubstance can be either an element (ElementalSubstance) \ or a compound of elements (CompoundSubstance). Examples: Table salt \ (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), water (H_2O), \ iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2). (is-subclass-of) superclass : Substance subclass : PureSubstance #- - ElementalSubstance in: The Class of PureSubstances that \ cannot be separated into two or more Substances by ordinary chemical \ (or physical) means. This excludes nuclear reactions. ElementalSubstances \ are composed of only one kind of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), \ and oxygen (O_2). ElementalSubstances are the simplest \ PureSubstances. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PureSubstance subclass : ElementalSubstance #- - Metal in: A Metal is an ElementalSubstance that conducts heat \ and electricity, is shiny and reflects many colors of light, and can be hammered \ into sheets or drawn into wire. About 80% of the known chemical elements \ (ElementalSubstances) are metals. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ElementalSubstance subclass : Metal #- - Atom in: An extremely small unit of matter that retains its \ identity in Chemical reactions. It consists of an AtomicNucleus and \ Electrons surrounding the AtomicNucleus. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ElementalSubstance subclass : Atom #- - SubatomicParticle in: The class of ElementalSubstances that \ are smaller than Atoms and compose Atoms. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ElementalSubstance subclass : SubatomicParticle #- - AtomicNucleus in: The core of the Atom. It is composed of \ Protons and Neutrons. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SubatomicParticle subclass : AtomicNucleus #- - Electron in: SubatomicParticles that surround the \ AtomicNucleus. They have a negative charge. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SubatomicParticle subclass : Electron #- - Proton in: Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have a \ positive charge. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SubatomicParticle subclass : Proton #- - Neutron in: Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have no \ charge. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SubatomicParticle subclass : Neutron #- - CompoundSubstance in: The Class of Substances that contain \ two or more elements (ElementalSubstances), in definite proportion by weight. \ The composition of a pure compound will be invariant, regardless of the method \ of preparation. Compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom (element). \ The term molecule is often used for the smallest unit of a compound that still \ retains all of the properties of the compound. Examples: Table salt (sodium \ chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), and water (H_2O). (is-subclass-of) superclass : PureSubstance subclass : CompoundSubstance #- - Mixture in: A Mixture is two or more PureSubstances, \ combined in varying proportions - each retaining its own specific properties. \ The components of a Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without \ the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly \ dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Substance subclass : Mixture #- - CorpuscularObject in: A SelfConnectedObject whose parts have \ properties that are not shared by the whole. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SelfConnectedObject subclass : CorpuscularObject (are-disjoint) objects : CorpuscularObject Substance #- - Region in: A topographic location. Regions encompass \ surfaces of Objects, imaginary places, and GeographicAreas. Note \ that a Region is the only kind of Object which can be located at \ itself. Note too that Region is not a subclass of SelfConnectedObject, \ because some Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have parts which are not \ connected with one another. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Object subclass : Region #- - Collection in: Collections have members like Classes, but, \ unlike Classes, they have a position in space-time and members can be \ added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the \ Collection. Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks \ of sheep. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Object subclass : Collection (are-disjoint) objects : Collection SelfConnectedObject #- - member (AsymmetricRelation IntransitiveRelation) in: A specialized common sense notion of part for \ uniform parts of Collections. For example, each sheep in a flock of \ sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock. (is-subclass-of) superclass : part subclass : member (relation-has-domains) relation : member domain : SelfConnectedObject Collection #- - subCollection (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: (subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that \ the Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the Collection ?COLL2. (relation-has-domains) relation : subCollection domain : Collection Collection #- - ContentBearingPhysical in: Any Object or Process that\ expresses content. This covers Objects that contain a Proposition,\ such as a book, as well as ManualSignLanguage, which may similarly\ contain a Proposition. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Physical subclass : ContentBearingPhysical #- - ContentBearingProcess in: Any Process, for example \ ManualHumanLanguage, which may contain a Proposition. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ContentBearingPhysical subclass : ContentBearingProcess #- - ContentBearingObject in: Any SelfConnectedObject that expresses \ content. This content may be a Proposition, e.g. when the ContentBearingObject \ is a Sentence or Text, or it may be a representation of an abstract or \ physical object, as with an Icon, a Word or a Phrase. (is-subclass-of) superclass : CorpuscularObject subclass : ContentBearingObject (is-subclass-of) superclass : ContentBearingPhysical subclass : ContentBearingObject #- - SymbolicString in: The Class of alphanumeric sequences. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ContentBearingObject subclass : SymbolicString #- - Character in: An element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc. \ Note that a Character may or may not be part of a Language. Character \ is a subclass of SymbolicString, because every instance of Character is \ an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SymbolicString subclass : Character #- - containsInformation (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A subrelation of represents. This \ predicate relates a ContentBearingPhysical to the Proposition that is \ expressed by the ContentBearingPhysical. Examples include the relationships \ between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its \ musical content. (is-subclass-of) superclass : represents subclass : containsInformation (relation-has-domains) relation : containsInformation domain : ContentBearingPhysical Proposition #- - Icon in: This is the subclass of ContentBearingPhysical \ which are not part of a Language and which have some sort of similarity \ with the Objects that they represent. This Class would include symbolic \ roadway signs, representational art works, photographs, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ContentBearingPhysical subclass : Icon #- - MotionPicture in: A ContentBearingObject which depicts motion \ (and which may have an audio or text component as well). This Class covers \ films, videos, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Text subclass : MotionPicture #- - LinguisticExpression in: This is the subclass of \ ContentBearingPhysical which are language-related. Note that this Class \ encompasses both Language and the the elements of Languages, \ e.g. Words. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ContentBearingPhysical subclass : LinguisticExpression (are-disjoint) objects : LinguisticExpression Icon #- - Language in: A system of signs for expressing thought. The \ system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges \ gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created \ by a person or group of people. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LinguisticExpression subclass : Language (is-disjointly-decomposed) whole : Language component : AnimalLanguage HumanLanguage ComputerLanguage #- - AnimalLanguage in: The subclass of Languages used by \ Animals other than Humans. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Language subclass : AnimalLanguage #- - ArtificialLanguage in: The subclass of Languages that are \ designed by Humans. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Language subclass : ArtificialLanguage #- - ComputerLanguage in: The class of Languages designed for \ and interpreted by a computer. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ArtificialLanguage subclass : ComputerLanguage #- - HumanLanguage in: The subclass of Languages used by \ Humans. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Language subclass : HumanLanguage #- - ConstructedLanguage in: An ConstructedLanguage is a \ HumanLanguage that did not evolve spontaneously within a language\ community, but rather had its core grammar and vocabulary invented by \ one or more language experts, often with an aim to produce a more \ grammatically regular language than any language that has evolved \ naturally. This Class includes languages like Esperanto that were \ created to facilitate international communication (is-subclass-of) superclass : HumanLanguage subclass : ConstructedLanguage (is-subclass-of) superclass : ArtificialLanguage subclass : ConstructedLanguage #- - NaturalLanguage in: The subclass of HumanLanguages which \ are not designed and which evolve from generation to generation. This \ Class includes all of the national languages, e.g. English, Spanish, \ Japanese, etc. Note that this class includes dialects of natural \ languages. (is-subclass-of) superclass : HumanLanguage subclass : NaturalLanguage #- - ManualHumanLanguage in: A ManualHumanLanguage is a\ HumanLanguage which has as its medium gestures and movement, such \ as the shape, position, and movement of the hands. (is-subclass-of) superclass : HumanLanguage subclass : ManualHumanLanguage #- - SpokenHumanLanguage in: A SpokenHumanLanguage is a\ HumanLanguage which has as its medium the human voice. It can also \ berepresented visually through writing, although not all \ SpokenHumanLanguages have a codified written form. (is-subclass-of) superclass : HumanLanguage subclass : SpokenHumanLanguage #- - Word in: A term of a Language that represents a concept. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LinguisticExpression subclass : Word #- - Formula in: A syntactically well-formed formula in the \ SUO-KIF knowledge representation language. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Sentence subclass : Formula #- - Agent in: Something or someone that can act on its own and \ produce changes in the world. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Object subclass : Agent #- - SentientAgent in: An Agent that has rights but may or may \ not have responsibilities and the ability to reason. If the latter are \ present, then the Agent is also an instance of CognitiveAgent. \ Domesticated animals are an example of SentientAgents that are not \ also CognitiveAgents. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Agent subclass : SentientAgent #- - CognitiveAgent in: A SentientAgent with responsibilities \ and the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, etc. This is \ essentially the legal/ethical notion of a person. Note that, although \ Human is a subclass of CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of \ CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of Human. For example, \ chimpanzees, gorillas, dolphins, whales, and some extraterrestrials \ (if they exist) may be CognitiveAgents. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SentientAgent subclass : CognitiveAgent #- - leader (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation SingleValuedRelation) in: (leader ?INSTITUTION ?PERSON)\ means that the leader of ?INSTITUTION is ?PERSON. (relation-has-domains) relation : leader domain : Agent Human #- - Process in: Intuitively, the class of things that happen \ and have temporal parts or stages. Examples include extended events \ like a football match or a race, actions like Pursuing and Reading, \ and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that lasts \ for a time but is not an Object. Note that a Process may have \ participants 'inside' it which are Objects, such as the players \ in a football match. In a 4D ontology, a Process is something whose \ spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages \ roughly perpendicular to the time-axis. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Physical subclass : Process #- - DualObjectProcess in: Any Process that requires two, \ nonidentical patients. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Process subclass : DualObjectProcess #- - Abstract in: Properties or qualities as distinguished from any \ particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium. \ Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical \ objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular \ place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Entity subclass : Abstract (is-disjointly-decomposed) whole : Abstract component : Quantity Attribute SetOrClass Relation Proposition #- - Quantity in: Any specification of how many or how much of \ something there is. Accordingly, there are two subclasses of Quantity: \ Number (how many) and PhysicalQuantity (how much). (is-subclass-of) superclass : Abstract subclass : Quantity #- - Attribute in: Qualities which we cannot or choose not to \ reify into subclasses of Object. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Abstract subclass : Attribute #- - property (BinaryPredicate) in: This Predicate holds between an instance of \ Entity and an instance of Attribute. (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR) \ means that ?ENTITY has the Attribute ?ATTR. (relation-has-domains) relation : property domain : Entity Attribute #- - attribute (AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: (attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that \ ?PROPERTY is a Attribute of ?OBJECT. For example, \ (attribute MyLittleRedWagon Red). (is-subclass-of) superclass : property subclass : attribute (relation-has-domains) relation : attribute domain : Object #- - manner (AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: (manner ?PROCESS ?MANNER) means that the \ Process ?PROCESS is qualified by the Attribute ?MANNER. The Attributes \ of Processes are usually denoted by adverbs and include things like the \ speed of the wind, the style of a dance, or the intensity of a sports \ competition. (is-subclass-of) superclass : property subclass : manner (relation-has-domains) relation : manner domain : Process #- - AbstractionFn (UnaryFunction PartialValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a Class into \ the instance of Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership \ in the Class. (relation-has-domains) relation : AbstractionFn domain : Class #- - ExtensionFn (UnaryFunction PartialValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps an Attribute \ into the Class whose condition for membership is the Attribute. (relation-has-domains) relation : ExtensionFn domain : Attribute #- - InternalAttribute in: Any Attribute of an Entity that is an \ internal property of the Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility, \ etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Attribute subclass : InternalAttribute #- - RelationalAttribute in: Any Attribute that an Entity has by \ virtue of a relationship that it bears to another Entity or set of Entities, \ e.g. SocialRoles and PositionalAttributes. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Attribute subclass : RelationalAttribute #- - Number in: A measure of how many things there are, or how\ much there is, of a certain kind. Numbers are subclassed into \ RealNumber, ComplexNumber, and ImaginaryNumber. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Quantity subclass : Number #- - lessThan (BinaryPredicate TransitiveRelation IrreflexiveRelation RelationExtendedToQuantities) in: (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just \ in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than the Quantity ?NUMBER2. (relation-has-domains) relation : lessThan domain : Quantity Quantity #- - greaterThan (BinaryPredicate TransitiveRelation IrreflexiveRelation RelationExtendedToQuantities) in: (greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true \ just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the Quantity \ ?NUMBER2. (relation-has-domains) relation : greaterThan domain : Quantity Quantity (are-inverse) relations : greaterThan lessThan #- - lessThanOrEqualTo (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation RelationExtendedToQuantities) in: (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) \ is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than or equal to \ the Quantity ?NUMBER2. (relation-has-domains) relation : lessThanOrEqualTo domain : Quantity Quantity #- - greaterThanOrEqualTo (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation RelationExtendedToQuantities) in: (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 \ ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater \ than the Quantity ?NUMBER2. (relation-has-domains) relation : greaterThanOrEqualTo domain : Quantity Quantity (are-inverse) relations : greaterThanOrEqualTo lessThanOrEqualTo #- - RealNumber in: Any Number that can be expressed as a \ (possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. any Number that has a position \ on the number line. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Number subclass : RealNumber #- - ImaginaryNumber in: Any Number that is the result of \ multiplying a RealNumber by the square root of -1. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Number subclass : ImaginaryNumber #- - RationalNumber in: Any RealNumber that is the product of \ dividing two Integers. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RealNumber subclass : RationalNumber #- - IrrationalNumber in: Any RealNumber that is not also a \ RationalNumber. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RealNumber subclass : IrrationalNumber #- - NonnegativeRealNumber in: A RealNumber that is greater than \ or equal to zero. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RealNumber subclass : NonnegativeRealNumber #- - PositiveRealNumber in: A RealNumber that is greater than \ zero. (is-subclass-of) superclass : NonnegativeRealNumber subclass : PositiveRealNumber #- - NegativeRealNumber in: A RealNumber that is less than \ zero. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RealNumber subclass : NegativeRealNumber #- - Integer in: A negative or nonnegative whole number. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RationalNumber subclass : Integer #- - EvenInteger in: An Integer that is evenly divisible \ by 2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Integer subclass : EvenInteger #- - OddInteger in: An Integer that is not evenly divisible \ by 2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Integer subclass : OddInteger #- - PrimeNumber in: An Integer that is evenly divisible only \ by itself and 1. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Integer subclass : PrimeNumber #- - NonnegativeInteger in: An Integer that is greater than \ or equal to zero. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Integer subclass : NonnegativeInteger (is-subclass-of) superclass : NonnegativeRealNumber subclass : NonnegativeInteger #- - NegativeInteger in: An Integer that is less than zero. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Integer subclass : NegativeInteger (is-subclass-of) superclass : NegativeRealNumber subclass : NegativeInteger #- - PositiveInteger in: An Integer that is greater than zero. (is-subclass-of) superclass : NonnegativeInteger subclass : PositiveInteger (is-subclass-of) superclass : PositiveRealNumber subclass : PositiveInteger #- - BinaryNumber in: Elements from the number system with base 2. \ Every BinaryNumber is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0. (is-subclass-of) superclass : RealNumber subclass : BinaryNumber #- - ComplexNumber in: A Number that has the form: x + yi, where x \ and y are RealNumbers and i is the square root of -1. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Number subclass : ComplexNumber (are-disjoint) objects : ComplexNumber RealNumber #- - PhysicalQuantity in: A PhysicalQuantity is a measure of \ some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as 'the earth's \ diameter' (a constant length) and 'the stress in a loaded deformable \ solid' (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial \ coordinates). All PhysicalQuantities are either ConstantQuantities \ or FunctionQuantities. Instances of ConstantQuantity are dependent \ on a UnitOfMeasure, while instances of FunctionQuantity are \ Functions that map instances of ConstantQuantity to other instances \ of ConstantQuantity (e.g., TimeDependentQuantities are \ FunctionQuantities). Although the name and definition of \ PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, PhysicalQuantities need \ not be material. Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity, \ etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible. \ Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of PhysicalQuantity. \ PhysicalQuantities are distinguished from Numbers by the fact that \ the former are associated with a dimension of measurement. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Quantity subclass : PhysicalQuantity #- - ConstantQuantity in: A ConstantQuantity is a \ PhysicalQuantity which has a constant value, e.g. 3 meters and 5 hours. \ The magnitude (see MagnitudeFn) of every ConstantQuantity is a \ RealNumber. ConstantQuantities are distinguished from \ FunctionQuantities, which map ConstantQuantities to other \ ConstantQuantities. All ConstantQuantites are expressed with the \ BinaryFunction MeasureFn, which takes a Number and a UnitOfMeasure \ as arguments. For example, 3 Meters can be expressed as (MeasureFn 3 \ Meter). ConstantQuantities form a partial order (see \ PartialOrderingRelation) with the lessThan relation, since lessThan \ is a RelationExtendedToQuantities and lessThan is defined over the \ RealNumbers. The lessThan relation is not a total order (see \ TotalOrderingRelation) over the class ConstantQuantity since elements \ of some subclasses of ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities) \ are incomparable to elements of other subclasses of ConstantQuantity \ (such as mass quantities). (is-subclass-of) superclass : PhysicalQuantity subclass : ConstantQuantity #- - TimeMeasure in: The class of temporal durations (instances \ of TimeDuration) and positions of TimePoints and TimeIntervals along \ the universal timeline (instances of TimePosition). (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : TimeMeasure #- - TimeDuration in: Any measure of length of time, \ with or without respect to the universal timeline. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeMeasure subclass : TimeDuration #- - TimePosition in: Any TimePoint or TimeInterval \ along the universal timeline from NegativeInfinity to \ PositiveInfinity. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeMeasure subclass : TimePosition #- - TimeInterval in: An interval of time. Note that a \ TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the universal \ timeline. Note too that a TimeInterval has no gaps, i.e. this \ class contains only convex time intervals. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimePosition subclass : TimeInterval #- - TimePoint in: An extensionless point on the universal timeline. \ The TimePoints at which Processes occur can be known with various \ degrees of precision and approximation, but conceptually TimePoints are \ point-like and not interval-like. That is, it doesn't make sense to talk \ about how long a TimePoint lasts. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimePosition subclass : TimePoint #- - FunctionQuantity in: A FunctionQuantity is a PhysicalQuantity \ that is returned by a Function that maps from one or more instances of \ ConstantQuantity to another instance of ConstantQuantity. For example, \ the velocity of a particle would be represented by a FunctionQuantity \ relating values of time (which are ConstantQuantities) to values of distance \ (also ConstantQuantities). Note that all elements of the range of the \ Function corresponding to a FunctionQuantity have the same physical \ dimension as the FunctionQuantity itself. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PhysicalQuantity subclass : FunctionQuantity #- - UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity in: The class of FunctionQuantities \ that are returned by UnaryFunctions that map from the Class ConstantQuantity \ to the Class ConstantQuantity. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity #- - TimeDependentQuantity in: A UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity of \ continuous time. All instances of this Class are returned by Functions \ that map a time quantity into another ConstantQuantity such as temperature. \ For example, 'the temperature at the top of the Empire State Building' is a \ TimeDependentQuantity since its value depends on the time. (is-subclass-of) superclass : UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity subclass : TimeDependentQuantity #- - SetOrClass in: The SetOrClass of Sets and Classes, i.e. any instance \ of Abstract that has elements or instances. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Abstract subclass : SetOrClass #- - Class in: Classes differ from Sets in three important respects. \ First, Classes are not assumed to be extensional. That is, distinct \ Classes might well have exactly the same instances. Second, Classes typically \ have an associated `condition' that determines the instances of the Class. So, \ for example, the condition `human' determines the Class of Humans. Note that \ some Classes might satisfy their own condition (e.g., the Class of Abstract \ things is Abstract) and hence be instances of themselves. Third, the instances \ of a class may occur only once within the class, i.e. a class cannot contain \ duplicate instances. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SetOrClass subclass : Class #- - Set in: A SetOrClass that satisfies extensionality as well as\ other constraints specified by some choice of set theory. Sets differ \ from Classes in two important respects. First, Sets are extensional - \ two Sets with the same elements are identical. Second, a Set can be \ an arbitrary stock of objects. That is, there is no requirement that Sets \ have an associated condition that determines their membership. Note that Sets \ are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. elements of a Set may occur more \ than once in the Set. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SetOrClass subclass : Set #- - Relation in: The Class of relations. There are three kinds \ of Relation: Predicate, Function, and List. Predicates and \ Functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples. The difference between \ these two Classes is that Predicates cover formula-forming operators, while \ Functions cover term-forming operators. A List, on the other hand, is a \ particular ordered n-tuple. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Abstract subclass : Relation (is-disjointly-decomposed) whole : Relation component : BinaryRelation TernaryRelation QuaternaryRelation QuintaryRelation VariableArityRelation #- - SingleValuedRelation (InheritableRelation) in: A Relation is a SingleValuedRelation \ just in case an assignment of values to every argument position except the last \ one determines at most one assignment for the last argument position. Note \ that not all SingleValuedRelations are TotalValuedRelations. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : SingleValuedRelation #- - TotalValuedRelation (InheritableRelation) in: A Relation is a TotalValuedRelation \ just in case there exists an assignment for the last argument position of the \ Relation given any assignment of values to every argument position except \ the last one. Note that declaring a Relation to be both a TotalValuedRelation \ and a SingleValuedRelation means that it is a total function. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : TotalValuedRelation #- - PartialValuedRelation in: A Relation is a PartialValuedRelation \ just in case it is not a TotalValuedRelation, i.e. just in case assigning values \ to every argument position except the last one does not necessarily mean that there \ is a value assignment for the last argument position. Note that, if a Relation \ is both a PartialValuedRelation and a SingleValuedRelation, then it is a partial \ function. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : PartialValuedRelation #- - BinaryRelation (InheritableRelation) in: BinaryRelations are relations that are \ true only of pairs of things. BinaryRelations are represented as slots \ in frame systems. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : BinaryRelation #- - ReflexiveRelation in: Relation ?REL is reflexive if \ (?REL ?INST ?INST) for all ?INST. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : ReflexiveRelation #- - IrreflexiveRelation in: Relation ?REL is irreflexive \ if (?REL ?INST ?INST) holds for no value of ?INST. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : IrreflexiveRelation #- - SymmetricRelation in: A BinaryRelation ?REL is\ symmetric just in case (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) imples (?REL \ ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : SymmetricRelation #- - AsymmetricRelation in: A BinaryRelation is asymmetric only \ if it is both an AntisymmetricRelation and an IrreflexiveRelation. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IrreflexiveRelation subclass : AsymmetricRelation (is-subclass-of) superclass : AntisymmetricRelation subclass : AsymmetricRelation #- - AntisymmetricRelation in: BinaryRelation ?REL is an \ AntisymmetricRelation if for distinct ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 \ ?INST2) implies not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1). In other words, for all ?INST1 \ and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) imply that ?INST1 \ and ?INST2 are identical. Note that it is possible for an \ AntisymmetricRelation to be a ReflexiveRelation. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : AntisymmetricRelation #- - TrichotomizingRelation in: A BinaryRelation ?REL is a \ TrichotomizingRelation just in case all ordered pairs consisting of \ distinct individuals are elements of ?REL. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : TrichotomizingRelation #- - TransitiveRelation in: A BinaryRelation ?REL is transitive \ if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), \ for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : TransitiveRelation #- - IntransitiveRelation in: A BinaryRelation ?REL is \ intransitive only if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply not \ (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : IntransitiveRelation #- - PartialOrderingRelation in: A BinaryRelation is a partial \ ordering if it is a ReflexiveRelation, an AntisymmetricRelation, and \ a TransitiveRelation. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TransitiveRelation subclass : PartialOrderingRelation (is-subclass-of) superclass : AntisymmetricRelation subclass : PartialOrderingRelation (is-subclass-of) superclass : ReflexiveRelation subclass : PartialOrderingRelation #- - TotalOrderingRelation in: A BinaryRelation is a \ TotalOrderingRelation if it is a PartialOrderingRelation \ and a TrichotomizingRelation. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PartialOrderingRelation subclass : TotalOrderingRelation (is-subclass-of) superclass : TrichotomizingRelation subclass : TotalOrderingRelation #- - EquivalenceRelation in: A BinaryRelation is an equivalence \ relation if it is a ReflexiveRelation, a SymmetricRelation, and a \ TransitiveRelation. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TransitiveRelation subclass : EquivalenceRelation (is-subclass-of) superclass : SymmetricRelation subclass : EquivalenceRelation (is-subclass-of) superclass : ReflexiveRelation subclass : EquivalenceRelation #- - CaseRole (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Predicates relating the \ spatially distinguished parts of a Process. CaseRoles include, for \ example, the agent, patient or destination of an action, the flammable \ substance in a burning process, or the water that falls in rain. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryPredicate subclass : CaseRole (is-subclass-of) superclass : AsymmetricRelation subclass : CaseRole #- - agent (CaseRole) in: (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is \ an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the Process \ ?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention. For example, Eve is an \ agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple. (relation-has-domains) relation : agent domain : Process Agent #- - destination (CaseRole) in: (destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that \ ?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS. For example, \ Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition: Bob went \ to Danbury. Note that this is a very general CaseRole and, in \ particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'. \ Thus, John would be the destination in the following proposition: \ Tom gave a book to John. (relation-has-domains) relation : destination domain : Process Entity #- - experiencer (CaseRole) in: (experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means \ that ?AGENT experiences the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Yojo \ is the experiencer of seeing in the following proposition: Yojo \ sees the fish. Note that experiencer, unlike agent, does \ not entail a causal relation between its arguments. (relation-has-domains) relation : experiencer domain : Process Agent #- - instrument in: (instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) means that ?TOOL \ is used by an agent in bringing about ?EVENT and that ?TOOL is not \ changed by ?EVENT. For example, the key is an instrument in the \ following proposition: The key opened the door. Note that instrument \ and resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair. (is-subclass-of) superclass : patient subclass : instrument (relation-has-domains) relation : instrument domain : Process Object #- - origin (CaseRole) in: (origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE \ indicates where the ?Process began. Note that this relation implies \ that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not \ participate throughout the process. For example, the submarine is the \ origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a \ submarine. (relation-has-domains) relation : origin domain : Process Object #- - patient (CaseRole) in: (patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY \ is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc. \ For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the \ canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of patients. Note \ that the patient of a Process may or may not undergo structural \ change as a result of the Process. The CaseRole of patient is used \ when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a \ Process. (relation-has-domains) relation : patient domain : Process Entity #- - resource in: (resource ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) means that \ ?RESOURCE is present at the beginning of ?PROCESS, is used by ?PROCESS, \ and as a consequence is changed by ?PROCESS. For example, soap is a \ resource in the following proposition: the gun was carved out of soap. \ Note that resource differs from instrument, another subrelation of \ patient, in that its internal or physical properties are altered in \ some way by the Process. (is-subclass-of) superclass : patient subclass : resource (relation-has-domains) relation : resource domain : Process Object #- - result in: (result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT) means that ?OUTPUT is \ a product of ?ACTION. For example, house is a result in the \ following proposition: Eric built a house. (is-subclass-of) superclass : patient subclass : result (relation-has-domains) relation : result domain : Process Entity #- - InheritableRelation (Class) in: This is a Class of Classes. Each \ instance of InheritableRelation is a subclass of Relation whose \ properties can be inherited downward in the class hierarchy via the \ subrelation Predicate. #- - ProbabilityRelation (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Relations that \ permit assessment of the probability of an event or situation. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : ProbabilityRelation #- - ProbabilityFn (ProbabilityRelation TotalValuedRelation UnaryFunction AsymmetricRelation) in: One of the basic ProbabilityRelations, \ ProbabilityFn is used to state the a priori probability of a state of \ affairs. (ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA) denotes the a priori probability \ of ?FORMULA. (relation-has-domains) relation : ProbabilityFn domain : Formula #- - conditionalProbability (ProbabilityRelation TernaryPredicate) in: One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. \ conditionalProbability is used to state the numeric value of a conditional \ probability. (conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER) means \ that the probability of ?FORMULA2 being true given that ?FORMULA1 is true is \ ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : conditionalProbability domain : Formula Formula RealNumber #- - increasesLikelihood (ProbabilityRelation BinaryPredicate IrreflexiveRelation) in: One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. \ (increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is more \ likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true. (relation-has-domains) relation : increasesLikelihood domain : Formula Formula #- - decreasesLikelihood (ProbabilityRelation BinaryPredicate IrreflexiveRelation) in: One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. \ (decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is less \ likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true. (relation-has-domains) relation : decreasesLikelihood domain : Formula Formula #- - independentProbability (ProbabilityRelation BinaryPredicate SymmetricRelation) in: One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. \ (independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the probabilities of \ ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 being true are independent. (relation-has-domains) relation : independentProbability domain : Formula Formula #- - SpatialRelation (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Relations that are \ spatial in a wide sense. This Class includes mereological relations \ and topological relations. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : SpatialRelation #- - TemporalRelation (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of temporal Relations. \ This Class includes notions of (temporal) topology of intervals, \ (temporal) schemata, and (temporal) extension. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : TemporalRelation #- - IntentionalRelation (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Relations between \ an Agent and one or more Entities, where the Relation requires that \ the Agent have awareness of the Entity. #- - prefers (TernaryPredicate IntentionalRelation) in: (prefers ?AGENT ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that \ CognitiveAgent ?AGENT prefers the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA1\ over the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA2 all things being equal. (relation-has-domains) relation : prefers domain : CognitiveAgent Formula Formula #- - PropositionalAttitude (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of \ IntentionalRelations where the Agent has awareness of a \ Proposition. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalRelation subclass : PropositionalAttitude (is-subclass-of) superclass : AsymmetricRelation subclass : PropositionalAttitude #- - ObjectAttitude (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of IntentionalRelations \ where the Agent has awareness of an instance of Physical. (is-subclass-of) superclass : IntentionalRelation subclass : ObjectAttitude (are-disjoint) objects : ObjectAttitude PropositionalAttitude #- - inScopeOfInterest (BinaryPredicate IntentionalRelation) in: A very general Predicate. \ (inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the \ scope of interest of ?AGENT. Note that the interest indicated can be \ either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in \ avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY. (relation-has-domains) relation : inScopeOfInterest domain : CognitiveAgent Entity #- - needs (ObjectAttitude) in: (needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is \ physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT. (is-subclass-of) superclass : inScopeOfInterest subclass : needs (relation-has-domains) relation : needs domain : CognitiveAgent Physical #- - wants (ObjectAttitude) in: (wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT, \ i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals. Note that there is \ no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent. (is-subclass-of) superclass : inScopeOfInterest subclass : wants (relation-has-domains) relation : wants domain : CognitiveAgent Physical #- - desires (PropositionalAttitude) in: (desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants \ to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there \ is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true. \ Note too that desires is distinguished from wants only in that the former \ is a PropositionalAttitude, while wants is an ObjectAttitude. (is-subclass-of) superclass : inScopeOfInterest subclass : desires (relation-has-domains) relation : desires domain : CognitiveAgent Formula #- - considers (PropositionalAttitude) in: (considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT \ considers or wonders about the truth of the proposition expressed by \ ?FORMULA. (is-subclass-of) superclass : inScopeOfInterest subclass : considers (relation-has-domains) relation : considers domain : CognitiveAgent Formula #- - believes (PropositionalAttitude) in: The epistemic predicate of belief. \ (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT believes the proposition \ expressed by ?FORMULA. (is-subclass-of) superclass : inScopeOfInterest subclass : believes (relation-has-domains) relation : believes domain : CognitiveAgent Formula #- - knows (PropositionalAttitude) in: The epistemic predicate of knowing. (knows \ ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by \ ?FORMULA. Note that knows entails conscious awareness, so this \ Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or \ unconscious knowledge. (is-subclass-of) superclass : inScopeOfInterest subclass : knows (relation-has-domains) relation : knows domain : CognitiveAgent Formula #- - TernaryRelation (InheritableRelation) in: TernaryRelations relate three items. \ The two subclasses of TernaryRelation are TernaryPredicate and \ BinaryFunction. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : TernaryRelation #- - QuaternaryRelation (InheritableRelation) in: QuaternaryRelations relate four \ items. The two subclasses of QuaternaryRelation are \ QuaternaryPredicate and TernaryFunction. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : QuaternaryRelation #- - QuintaryRelation (InheritableRelation) in: QuintaryRelations relate five items. \ The two subclasses of QuintaryRelation are QuintaryPredicate and \ QuaternaryFunction. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : QuintaryRelation #- - List in: Every List is a particular ordered n-tuple of \ items. Generally speaking, Lists are created by means of the ListFn \ Function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a \ List with the items in the same order. Anything, including other \ Lists, may be an item in a List. Note too that Lists are \ extensional - two lists that have the same items in the same order are \ identical. Note too that a List may contain no items. In that case, \ the List is the NullList. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : List #- - UniqueList in: A List in which no item appears more than once, \ i.e. a List for which there are no distinct numbers ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 \ such that (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) and (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) \ return the same value. (is-subclass-of) superclass : List subclass : UniqueList #- - NullList (List) in: The List that has no items. The uniqueness of \ NullList follows from the extensionality of Lists, i.e. the fact that \ two Lists with the same items in the same order are identical. #- - ListFn (Function VariableArityRelation TotalValuedRelation) in: A Function that takes any number of arguments and \ returns the List containing those arguments in exactly the same order. #- - ListOrderFn (BinaryFunction PartialValuedRelation) in: (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER) denotes the item \ that is in the ?NUMBER position in the List ?LIST. For example, \ (ListOrderFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday) 2) would return the \ value Tuesday. (relation-has-domains) relation : ListOrderFn domain : List PositiveInteger #- - ListLengthFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A Function that takes a List as its sole \ argument and returns the number of items in the List. For example, \ (ListLengthFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would return the \ value 3. (relation-has-domains) relation : ListLengthFn domain : List #- - ListConcatenateFn (BinaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A Function that returns the concatenation \ of the two Lists that are given as arguments. For example, the value of \ (ListConcatenateFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday) (ListFn Wednesday \ Thursday)) would be (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday). (relation-has-domains) relation : ListConcatenateFn domain : List List #- - inList (BinaryPredicate IrreflexiveRelation AsymmetricRelation) in: The analog of element and instance for Lists. \ (inList ?OBJ ?LIST) means that ?OBJ is in the List ?LIST. For example, \ (inList Tuesday (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would be true. (relation-has-domains) relation : inList domain : Entity List #- - subList (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: (subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a \ sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and \ the elements that are common to both Lists have the same order in both \ Lists. (relation-has-domains) relation : subList domain : List List #- - initialList (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: (initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 \ is a subList of ?LIST2 and (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) returns the same \ value as (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER) for all of the values of ?NUMBER over \ which (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) is defined. (is-subclass-of) superclass : subList subclass : initialList #- - identicalListItems (BinaryPredicate EquivalenceRelation) in: (identicalListItems ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 have exactly the same items in their respective lists. Although ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 are required to share exactly the same items, they may order these items differently. (relation-has-domains) relation : identicalListItems domain : List List #- - Predicate (InheritableRelation) in: A Predicate is a sentence-forming Relation. \ Each tuple in the Relation is a finite, ordered sequence of objects. \ The fact that a particular tuple is an element of a Predicate is denoted \ by '(*predicate* arg_1 arg_2 .. arg_n)', where the arg_i are the \ objects so related. In the case of BinaryPredicates, the fact can\ be read as `arg_1 is *predicate* arg_2' or `a *predicate* of\ arg_1 is arg_2'. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : Predicate #- - Function (InheritableRelation) in: A Function is a term-forming Relation that \ maps from a n-tuple of arguments to a range and that associates this \ n-tuple with at most one range element. Note that the range is a SetOrClass, \ and each element of the range is an instance of the SetOrClass. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SingleValuedRelation subclass : Function #- - UnaryFunction (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Functions that require a \ single argument. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Function subclass : UnaryFunction (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : UnaryFunction #- - OneToOneFunction in: The Class of UnaryFunctions which \ are one to one. A function F is one to one just in case for all X, Y in the \ domain of F, if X is not identical to Y, then F(X) is not identical to F(Y). (is-subclass-of) superclass : UnaryFunction subclass : OneToOneFunction #- - SequenceFunction in: The Class of OneToOneFunctions whose range \ is a subclass of the PositiveIntegers. (is-subclass-of) superclass : OneToOneFunction subclass : SequenceFunction #- - BinaryFunction (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Functions that require \ two arguments. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Function subclass : BinaryFunction (is-subclass-of) superclass : TernaryRelation subclass : BinaryFunction #- - AssociativeFunction in: A BinaryFunction is associative if \ bracketing has no effect on the value returned by the Function. More \ precisely, a Function ?FUNCTION is associative just in case \ (?FUNCTION ?INST1 (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to \ (?FUNCTION (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, \ and ?INST3. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryFunction subclass : AssociativeFunction #- - CommutativeFunction in: A BinaryFunction is commutative if \ the ordering of the arguments of the function has no effect on the value \ returned by the function. More precisely, a function ?FUNCTION is \ commutative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) is equal to (?FUNCTION \ ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryFunction subclass : CommutativeFunction #- - TernaryFunction (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Functions that require \ exactly three arguments. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Function subclass : TernaryFunction (is-subclass-of) superclass : QuaternaryRelation subclass : TernaryFunction #- - QuaternaryFunction (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Functions that require \ exactly four arguments. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Function subclass : QuaternaryFunction (is-subclass-of) superclass : QuintaryRelation subclass : QuaternaryFunction #- - ContinuousFunction in: Functions which are continuous. \ This concept is taken as primitive until representations for limits \ are devised. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Function subclass : ContinuousFunction #- - BinaryPredicate (InheritableRelation) in: A Predicate relating two items - its \ valence is two. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Predicate subclass : BinaryPredicate (is-subclass-of) superclass : BinaryRelation subclass : BinaryPredicate #- - TernaryPredicate (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Predicates that require \ exactly three arguments. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Predicate subclass : TernaryPredicate (is-subclass-of) superclass : TernaryRelation subclass : TernaryPredicate #- - QuaternaryPredicate (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Predicates that \ require four arguments. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Predicate subclass : QuaternaryPredicate (is-subclass-of) superclass : QuaternaryRelation subclass : QuaternaryPredicate #- - QuintaryPredicate (InheritableRelation) in: The Class of Predicates that \ require five arguments. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Predicate subclass : QuintaryPredicate (is-subclass-of) superclass : QuintaryRelation subclass : QuintaryPredicate #- - VariableArityRelation in: The Class of Relations that \ do not have a fixed number of arguments. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : VariableArityRelation #- - RelationExtendedToQuantities (InheritableRelation) in: A \ RelationExtendedToQuantities is a Relation that, when it is true on \ a sequence of arguments that are RealNumbers, it is also true on a \ sequence of ConstantQuantites with those magnitudes in some unit of \ measure. For example, the lessThan relation is extended to quantities. \ This means that for all pairs of quantities ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2, \ (lessThan ?QUANTITY1 ?QUANTITY2) if and only if, for some ?NUMBER1, \ ?NUMBER2, and ?UNIT, ?QUANTITY1 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT), \ ?QUANTITY2 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT), and (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2), \ for all units ?UNIT on which ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2 can be measured. \ Note that, when a RelationExtendedToQuantities is extended from \ RealNumbers to ConstantQuantities, the ConstantQuantities must be \ measured along the same physical dimension. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Relation subclass : RelationExtendedToQuantities #- - Proposition in: Propositions are Abstract entities that \ express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts. As an example, \ the formula '(instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the Proposition that the \ entity named Yojo is an element of the Class of Cats. Note that \ propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual \ sentences of a Language. They may encompass the content expressed by \ theories, books, and even whole libraries. It is important to distinguish \ Propositions from the ContentBearingObjects that express them. A \ Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, \ but a ContentBearingObject is an Object that represents this information. \ A Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: \ strings, sounds, icons, etc. For example, the Proposition that the cat is \ on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed \ on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence \ of sounds or by some non-latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form (is-subclass-of) superclass : Abstract subclass : Proposition #- - closedOn (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A BinaryFunction is closed on a SetOrClass \ if it is defined for all instances of the SetOrClass and its value is \ always an instance of the SetOrClass. (relation-has-domains) relation : closedOn domain : Function SetOrClass #- - reflexiveOn (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A BinaryRelation is reflexive on a \ SetOrClass only if every instance of the SetOrClass bears the relation \ to itself. (relation-has-domains) relation : reflexiveOn domain : BinaryRelation SetOrClass #- - irreflexiveOn (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A BinaryRelation is irreflexive on a \ SetOrClass only if no instance of the SetOrClass bears the relation to \ itself. (relation-has-domains) relation : irreflexiveOn domain : BinaryRelation SetOrClass #- - partialOrderingOn (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A BinaryRelation is a partial \ ordering on a SetOrClass only if the relation is reflexiveOn the \ SetOrClass, and it is both an AntisymmetricRelation, and a \ TransitiveRelation. (relation-has-domains) relation : partialOrderingOn domain : BinaryRelation SetOrClass #- - totalOrderingOn (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A BinaryRelation ?REL is a total \ ordering on a SetOrClass only if it is a partial ordering for which either \ (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) or (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) for every ?INST1 and ?INST2 \ in the SetOrClass. (relation-has-domains) relation : totalOrderingOn domain : BinaryRelation SetOrClass #- - trichotomizingOn (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A BinaryRelation ?REL is \ trichotomizing on a SetOrClass only if, for all instances ?INST1 and ?INST2 \ of the SetOrClass, at least one of the following holds: (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2),\ (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) or (equal ?INST1 ?INST2). (relation-has-domains) relation : trichotomizingOn domain : BinaryRelation SetOrClass #- - equivalenceRelationOn (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: A BinaryRelation is an \ equivalenceRelationOn a SetOrClass only if the relation is reflexiveOn \ the SetOrClass and it is both a TransitiveRelation and a \ SymmetricRelation. (relation-has-domains) relation : equivalenceRelationOn domain : BinaryRelation SetOrClass #- - distributes (BinaryPredicate BinaryRelation) in: A BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION1 is \ distributive over another BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION2 just in case \ (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 (?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to \ (?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3)), \ for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. (relation-has-domains) relation : distributes domain : BinaryFunction BinaryFunction #- - causes (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: The causation relation between instances of Process. \ (causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the instance of Process ?PROCESS1 \ brings about the instance of Process ?PROCESS2. (relation-has-domains) relation : causes domain : Process Process #- - causesSubclass (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: The causation relation between subclasses of Process. \ (causesSubclass ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the subclass of Process ?PROCESS1 \ brings about the subclass of Process ?PROCESS2, e.g. (causesSubclass Killing \ Death). #- - copy (BinaryPredicate EquivalenceRelation) in: relates an Object to an exact copy of the \ Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original \ with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal \ location. (relation-has-domains) relation : copy domain : Object Object #- - time (BinaryPredicate TemporalRelation AsymmetricRelation) in: This relation holds between an instance of \ Physical and an instance of TimePosition just in case the temporal \ lifespan of the former includes the latter. In other words, (time\ ?THING ?TIME) means that ?THING existed or occurred at ?TIME. Note \ that time does for instances of Physical what holdsDuring does \ for instances of Formula. The constants located and time are \ the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively. (relation-has-domains) relation : time domain : Physical TimePosition #- - holdsDuring (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: (holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) means that the \ proposition denoted by ?FORMULA is true in the time frame ?TIME. Note \ that this implies that ?FORMULA is true at every TimePoint which is a \ temporalPart of ?TIME. (relation-has-domains) relation : holdsDuring domain : TimePosition Formula #- - capability (TernaryPredicate) in: (capability ?PROCESS ?ROLE ?OBJ) means \ that ?OBJ has the ability to play the role of ?ROLE in Processes of \ type ?PROCESS. (relation-has-domains) relation : capability domain : CaseRole Object #- - exploits (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: (exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT) means that ?OBJ is used \ by ?AGENT as a resource in an unspecified instance of Process. This \ Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the \ relations agent and resource. (relation-has-domains) relation : exploits domain : Object Agent #- - hasPurpose (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: This Predicate expresses the concept of a \ conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agent's intention. \ Accordingly, (hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of \ Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the Proposition expressed by \ ?FORMULA. Note that there is an important difference in meaning between \ the Predicates hasPurpose and result. Although the second argument \ of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, \ a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result \ may be neither expected nor desired. For example, a machine process may \ have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no \ goal; a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on. (relation-has-domains) relation : hasPurpose domain : Physical Formula #- - hasPurposeForAgent (TernaryPredicate) in: Expresses a cognitive attitude of an \ agent with respect to a particular instance of Physical. More precisely, \ (hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?FORMULA ?AGENT) means that the purpose of \ ?THING for ?AGENT is the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Very complex \ issues are involved here. In particular, the rules of inference of the \ first order predicate calculus are not truth-preserving for the second \ argument position of this Predicate. (relation-has-domains) relation : hasPurposeForAgent domain : Physical Formula CognitiveAgent #- - hasSkill (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: Similar to the capability Predicate \ with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/\ demonstrated to some measurable degree. (relation-has-domains) relation : hasSkill domain : Agent #- - confersNorm (TernaryPredicate) in: Expresses the relationship between a Formula, \ an Entity, and an ObjectiveNorm when the Entity brings it about that \ the Formula has the ObjectiveNorm. (relation-has-domains) relation : confersNorm domain : Entity Formula ObjectiveNorm #- - deprivesNorm (TernaryPredicate) in: Expresses the relationship between an \ Entity, a Formula, and an ObjectiveNorm when the Entity \ brings it about that the Formula does not have the ObjectiveNorm. (relation-has-domains) relation : deprivesNorm domain : Entity Formula ObjectiveNorm #- - partlyLocated (SpatialRelation AntisymmetricRelation BinaryPredicate) in: (partlyLocated ?THING ?OBJ) means that the \ instance of Physical ?THING is at least partially located at ?OBJ. For \ example, Istanbul is partly located in Asia and partly located in Europe. \ Note that partlyLocated is the most basic localization relation: located \ is an immediate subrelation of partlyLocated and exactlyLocated is \ an immediate subrelation of located. (relation-has-domains) relation : partlyLocated domain : Physical Object #- - located (AntisymmetricRelation TransitiveRelation) in: (located ?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is partlyLocated \ at ?OBJ, and there is no part or subProcess of ?PHYS that is not located at \ ?OBJ. (is-subclass-of) superclass : partlyLocated subclass : located #- - exactlyLocated in: The actual, minimal location of an \ Object. This is a subrelation of the more general Predicate \ located. (is-subclass-of) superclass : located subclass : exactlyLocated #- - between (SpatialRelation TernaryPredicate) in: (between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that ?OBJ2 is \ spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3. Note that this implies that \ ?OBJ2 is directly between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3, i.e. the projections of ?OBJ1 \ and ?OBJ3 overlap with ?OBJ2. (relation-has-domains) relation : between domain : Object Object Object #- - traverses (BinaryPredicate SpatialRelation) in: (traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 \ crosses or extends across ?OBJ2. Note that crosses and \ penetrates are subrelations of traverses. (relation-has-domains) relation : traverses domain : Object Object #- - crosses (AsymmetricRelation TransitiveRelation) in: (crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that \ Object ?OBJ1 traverses Object ?OBJ2, without being connected \ to it. (is-subclass-of) superclass : traverses subclass : crosses #- - penetrates (AsymmetricRelation IntransitiveRelation) in: (penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that \ ?OBJ1 is connected to ?OBJ2 along at least one whole dimension (length, \ width or depth). (is-subclass-of) superclass : traverses subclass : penetrates (is-subclass-of) superclass : meetsSpatially subclass : penetrates #- - WhereFn (BinaryFunction SpatialRelation TotalValuedRelation) in: Maps an Object and a TimePoint at which the \ Object exists to the Region where the Object existed at that \ TimePoint. (relation-has-domains) relation : WhereFn domain : Physical TimePoint #- - possesses (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: Relation that holds between an Agent and \ an Object when the Agent has ownership of the Object. (relation-has-domains) relation : possesses domain : Agent Object #- - PropertyFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to the \ Set of Objects owned by the Agent. (relation-has-domains) relation : PropertyFn domain : Agent #- - precondition (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation TransitiveRelation) in: A very general Predicate. (precondition \ ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC2 can exist only if an \ instance of ?PROC1 also exists. #- - inhibits (BinaryPredicate IrreflexiveRelation) in: A very general Predicate. (inhibits \ ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that the Process ?PROC1 inhibits or hinders \ the occurrence of the Process ?PROC2. For example, obstructing an \ object inhibits moving it. Note that this is a relation between types \ of Processes, not between instances. #- - prevents (BinaryPredicate IrreflexiveRelation) in: A very general Predicate. (prevents ?PROC1 \ ?PROC2) means that ?PROC1 prevents the occurrence of ?PROC2. In other \ words, if ?PROC1 is occurring in a particular time and place, ?PROC2 \ cannot occur at the same time and place. For example, innoculating \ prevents contracting disease. Note that this is a relation between types \ of Processes, not between instances. #- - refers (BinaryPredicate) in: (refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 \ mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that refers is \ more general in meaning than represents, because presumably something \ can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. \ For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of \ oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy, \ the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options \ for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, \ etc. (relation-has-domains) relation : refers domain : Entity Entity #- - names in: (names ?STRING ?ENTITY) means that the thing ?ENTITY \ has the SymbolicString ?STRING as its name. Note that names and represents \ are the two immediate subrelations of refers. The predicate names is used \ when the referring item is merely a tag without connotative content, while the \ predicate represents is used for referring items that have such content. (is-subclass-of) superclass : refers subclass : names (relation-has-domains) relation : names domain : SymbolicString #- - uniqueIdentifier (SingleValuedRelation) in: The class of names that uniquely identify \ an instance of Entity. Some examples of uniqueIdentifiers are the keys \ of tables in database applications and the ISBN (International Standard Book \ Number). (is-subclass-of) superclass : names subclass : uniqueIdentifier #- - represents in: A very general semiotics Predicate. \ (represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way indicates, \ expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY. The Predicates \ containsInformation and realization are subrelations of represents. \ Note that represents is a subrelation of refers, since something can \ represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. See the \ documentation string for names. (is-subclass-of) superclass : refers subclass : represents #- - representsForAgent (TernaryPredicate) in: A very general predicate. \ (representsForAgent ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2 ?AGENT) means that the ?AGENT \ chooses to use ?ENTITY1 to 'stand for' ?ENTITY2. (relation-has-domains) relation : representsForAgent domain : Entity Entity Agent #- - representsInLanguage (TernaryPredicate) in: A very general predicate. \ (representsInLanguage ?THING ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE) means that the \ LinguisticExpression ?THING stands for ?ENTITY in the Language \ ?LANGUAGE. (relation-has-domains) relation : representsInLanguage domain : LinguisticExpression Entity Language #- - equivalentContentClass (EquivalenceRelation) in: A BinaryPredicate that relates two \ subclasses of ContentBearingObject. (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 \ ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1 is \ also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2, and vice versa. An example \ would be the relationship between English and Russian editions of Agatha \ Christie's 'Murder on the Orient Express'. Note that \ (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) implies (subsumesContentClass \ ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) and (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1). (is-subclass-of) superclass : subsumesContentClass subclass : equivalentContentClass #- - subsumesContentClass (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: A BinaryPredicate that relates two \ subclasses of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 \ ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2 is \ also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1. Examples include the \ relationship between a poem and one of its stanzas or between a book and \ one of its chapters. Note that this is a relation between subclasses of \ ContentBearingObject, rather than instances. If one wants to relate \ instances, the Predicate subsumesContentInstance can be used. Note \ that subsumesContentClass is needed in many cases. Consider, for \ example, the relation between the King James edition of the Bible and its \ Book of Genesis. This relation holds for every copy of this edition and \ not just for a single instance. #- - equivalentContentInstance (EquivalenceRelation) in: A BinaryPredicate relating two \ instances of ContentBearingObject. (equivalentContentInstance \ ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ1 is identical to \ the content expressed by ?OBJ2. An example would be the relationship \ between a handwritten draft of a letter to one's lawyer and a typed \ copy of the same letter. Note that (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 \ ?OBJ2) implies (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and \ (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2). (is-subclass-of) superclass : subsumesContentInstance subclass : equivalentContentInstance (relation-has-domains) relation : equivalentContentInstance domain : ContentBearingObject ContentBearingObject #- - subsumesContentInstance (BinaryPredicate PartialOrderingRelation) in: A BinaryPredicate relating two \ instances of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) \ means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed \ by ?OBJ1. An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and \ one of its stanzas. Note that this is a relation between instances, \ rather than Classes. If one wants to assert a content relationship \ between Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a \ part of that work, the relation subsumesContentClass should be used. (relation-has-domains) relation : subsumesContentInstance domain : ContentBearingObject ContentBearingObject #- - realization (AsymmetricRelation) in: A subrelation of represents. \ (realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) means that ?PROCESS is a Process which \ expresses the content of ?PROP. Examples include a particular musical \ performance, which realizes the content of a musical score, or the \ reading of a poem. (is-subclass-of) superclass : represents subclass : realization (relation-has-domains) relation : realization domain : Process Proposition #- - expressedInLanguage (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: (expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANG) \ means that the LinguisticExpression ?EXPRESS is part of the Language \ ?LANG. (relation-has-domains) relation : expressedInLanguage domain : LinguisticExpression Language #- - subProposition (BinaryPredicate TransitiveRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: (subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that \ ?PROP1 is a Proposition which is a proper part of the Proposition ?PROP2. \ In other words, subProposition is the analogue of properPart for chunks \ of abstract content. (relation-has-domains) relation : subProposition domain : Proposition Proposition #- - subPlan (TransitiveRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: (subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1 \ is a Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2. This relation is generally \ used to relate a supporting Plan to the overall Plan in a particular \ context. (is-subclass-of) superclass : subProposition subclass : subPlan (relation-has-domains) relation : subPlan domain : Plan Plan #- - uses (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: (uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by \ ?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified Process. This Predicate, \ as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the CaseRoles \ agent and instrument. (relation-has-domains) relation : uses domain : Object Agent #- - MultiplicationFn (BinaryFunction AssociativeFunction CommutativeFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities TotalValuedRelation) in: If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, \ then (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical product \ of these numbers. (relation-has-domains) relation : MultiplicationFn domain : Quantity Quantity #- - AdditionFn (BinaryFunction AssociativeFunction CommutativeFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities TotalValuedRelation) in: If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, then \ (AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical sum of these \ numbers. (relation-has-domains) relation : AdditionFn domain : Quantity Quantity #- - SubtractionFn (BinaryFunction AssociativeFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities TotalValuedRelation) in: If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, \ then (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical difference \ between ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 minus ?NUMBER2. An \ exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 is equal to 0, in which case \ (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the negation of ?NUMBER2. (relation-has-domains) relation : SubtractionFn domain : Quantity Quantity #- - DivisionFn (BinaryFunction AssociativeFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities PartialValuedRelation) in: If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, then \ (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the result of dividing ?NUMBER1 by \ ?NUMBER2. Note that when ?NUMBER1 = 1 (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) \ is the reciprocal of ?NUMBER2. Note too that (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 \ ?NUMBER2) is undefined when ?NUMBER2 = 0. (relation-has-domains) relation : DivisionFn domain : Quantity Quantity #- - AbsoluteValueFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: The value of (AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER) \ is the absolute value of the RealNumber ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : AbsoluteValueFn domain : RealNumber #- - CeilingFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (CeilingFn ?NUMBER) returns the smallest \ Integer greater than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : CeilingFn domain : RealNumber #- - CosineFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the \ PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the \ side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle. (relation-has-domains) relation : CosineFn domain : PlaneAngleMeasure #- - DenominatorFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (DenominatorFn ?NUMBER) returns the \ denominator of the canonical reduced form of the RealNumber ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : DenominatorFn domain : RealNumber #- - ExponentiationFn (BinaryFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities TotalValuedRelation) in: (ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns \ the RealNumber ?NUMBER raised to the power of the Integer ?INT. (relation-has-domains) relation : ExponentiationFn domain : Quantity Integer #- - FloorFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest Integer \ less than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : FloorFn domain : RealNumber #- - GreatestCommonDivisorFn (Function VariableArityRelation PartialValuedRelation) in: (GreatestCommonDivisorFn \ ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the greatest common divisor of \ ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER. #- - ImaginaryPartFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns \ the part of ?NUMBER that has the square root of -1 as its factor. (relation-has-domains) relation : ImaginaryPartFn domain : ComplexNumber #- - IntegerSquareRootFn (UnaryFunction PartialValuedRelation) in: (IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER) \ returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : IntegerSquareRootFn domain : RealNumber #- - LeastCommonMultipleFn (Function PartialValuedRelation VariableArityRelation) in: (LeastCommonMultipleFn \ ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the least common multiple of \ ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER. #- - LogFn (BinaryFunction) in: (LogFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the logarithm of the \ RealNumber ?NUMBER in the base denoted by the Integer ?INT. (relation-has-domains) relation : LogFn domain : RealNumber PositiveInteger #- - MaxFn (BinaryFunction AssociativeFunction CommutativeFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities TotalValuedRelation) in: (MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the largest of \ ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, \ MaxFn returns one of its arguments. (relation-has-domains) relation : MaxFn domain : Quantity Quantity #- - MinFn (BinaryFunction AssociativeFunction CommutativeFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities TotalValuedRelation) in: (MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the smallest of \ ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, \ MinFn returns one of its arguments. (relation-has-domains) relation : MinFn domain : Quantity Quantity #- - NumeratorFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (NumeratorFn ?NUMBER) returns the numerator \ of the canonical reduced form ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : NumeratorFn domain : RealNumber #- - Pi (PositiveRealNumber) in: Pi is the RealNumber that \ is the ratio of the perimeter of a circle to its diameter. It is \ approximately equal to 3.141592653589793. #- - NumberE (PositiveRealNumber) in: NumberE is the RealNumber that is the base for \ natural logarithms. It is approximately equal to 2.718282. #- - RationalNumberFn (UnaryFunction) in: (RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns \ the rational representation of ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : RationalNumberFn domain : Number #- - RealNumberFn (UnaryFunction) in: (RealNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of \ ?NUMBER that is a RealNumber. (relation-has-domains) relation : RealNumberFn domain : Number #- - ReciprocalFn (UnaryFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities TotalValuedRelation) in: (ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) is the reciprocal \ element of ?NUMBER with respect to the multiplication operator \ (MultiplicationFn), i.e. 1/?NUMBER. Not all numbers have a reciprocal \ element. For example the number 0 does not. If a number ?NUMBER has a \ reciprocal ?RECIP, then the product of ?NUMBER and ?RECIP will be \ 1, e.g. 3*1/3 = 1. The reciprocal of an element is equal to \ applying the ExponentiationFn function to the element to the power \ -1. (relation-has-domains) relation : ReciprocalFn domain : Quantity #- - RemainderFn (BinaryFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities PartialValuedRelation) in: (RemainderFn ?NUMBER ?DIVISOR) is the \ remainder of the number ?NUMBER divided by the number ?DIVISOR. \ The result has the same sign as ?DIVISOR. (relation-has-domains) relation : RemainderFn domain : Quantity Quantity #- - RoundFn (UnaryFunction RelationExtendedToQuantities TotalValuedRelation) in: (RoundFn ?NUMBER) is the Integer closest \ to ?NUMBER on the number line. If ?NUMBER is halfway between two \ Integers (for example 3.5), it denotes the larger Integer. (relation-has-domains) relation : RoundFn domain : Quantity #- - SignumFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (SignumFn ?NUMBER) denotes the sign of ?NUMBER. \ This is one of the following values: -1, 1, or 0. (relation-has-domains) relation : SignumFn domain : RealNumber #- - SineFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (SineFn ?DEGREE) is the sine of the \ PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The sine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side \ opposite ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle. (relation-has-domains) relation : SineFn domain : PlaneAngleMeasure #- - SquareRootFn (UnaryFunction) in: (SquareRootFn ?NUMBER) is the principal \ square root of ?NUMBER. (relation-has-domains) relation : SquareRootFn domain : RealNumber #- - TangentFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: (TangentFn ?DEGREE) is the tangent of the \ PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The tangent of ?DEGREE is the ratio of \ the side opposite ?DEGREE to the side next to ?DEGREE in a right-angled \ triangle. (relation-has-domains) relation : TangentFn domain : PlaneAngleMeasure #- - identityElement (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) in: An object ?ID is the identity element \ for BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION just in case, for every instance ?INST, \ applying ?FUNCTION to ?INST and ?ID results in ?INST. (relation-has-domains) relation : identityElement domain : BinaryFunction Entity #- - SuccessorFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to \ its successor, e.g. the successor of 5 is 6. (relation-has-domains) relation : SuccessorFn domain : Integer #- - PredecessorFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to \ its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4. (relation-has-domains) relation : PredecessorFn domain : Integer #- - subset in: (subset ?SET1 ?SET2) is true just in case the \ elements of the Set ?SET1 are also elements of the Set ?SET2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : subclass subclass : subset (relation-has-domains) relation : subset domain : Set Set #- - element (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation IntransitiveRelation) in: (element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case \ ?ENTITY is contained in the Set ?SET. An Entity can be an element \ of another Entity only if the latter is a Set. (is-subclass-of) superclass : instance subclass : element (relation-has-domains) relation : element domain : Entity Set #- - UnionFn (BinaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A BinaryFunction that maps two SetOrClasses to \ the union of these SetOrClasses. An object is an element of the union \ of two SetOrClasses just in case it is an instance of either SetOrClass. (relation-has-domains) relation : UnionFn domain : SetOrClass SetOrClass #- - IntersectionFn (BinaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A BinaryFunction that maps two \ SetOrClasses to the intersection of these SetOrClasses. An object is \ an instance of the intersection of two SetOrClasses just in case it is \ an instance of both of those SetOrClasses. (relation-has-domains) relation : IntersectionFn domain : SetOrClass SetOrClass #- - RelativeComplementFn (BinaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A BinaryFunction that maps two \ SetOrClasses to the difference between these SetOrClasses. More \ precisely, (RelativeComplementFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) denotes the instances \ of ?CLASS1 that are not also instances of ?CLASS2. (relation-has-domains) relation : RelativeComplementFn domain : SetOrClass SetOrClass #- - ComplementFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: The complement of a given SetOrClass C is the \ SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C. In other words, an \ object is an instance of the complement of a SetOrClass C just in case it \ is not an instance of C. (relation-has-domains) relation : ComplementFn domain : SetOrClass #- - GeneralizedUnionFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that takes a SetOrClass \ of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which is the \ merge of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. the SetOrClass \ containing just those instances which are instances of an instance of the \ original SetOrClass. #- - GeneralizedIntersectionFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that takes a \ SetOrClass of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which \ is the intersection of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. \ the SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of all \ instances of the original SetOrClass. #- - CardinalityFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation AsymmetricRelation) in: (CardinalityFn ?CLASS) returns the \ number of instances in the SetOrClass ?CLASS or the number of \ members in the ?CLASS Collection. #- - NullSet in: Any SetOrClass that contains no instances. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SetOrClass subclass : NullSet #- - NonNullSet in: Any SetOrClass that contains at least one \ instance. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SetOrClass subclass : NonNullSet #- - FiniteSet in: A Set containing a finite number of elements. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Set subclass : FiniteSet #- - PairwiseDisjointClass in: A SetOrClass is a PairwiseDisjointClass \ just in case every instance of the SetOrClass is either equal to or disjoint \ from every other instance of the SetOrClass. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SetOrClass subclass : PairwiseDisjointClass #- - MutuallyDisjointClass in: A SetOrClass is a MutuallyDisjointClass \ just in case there exists nothing which is an instance of all of the instances of \ the original SetOrClass. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SetOrClass subclass : MutuallyDisjointClass #- - KappaFn (BinaryFunction) in: A class-forming operator that takes two \ arguments: a variable and a formula containing at least one unbound \ occurrence of the variable. The result of applying KappaFn to a \ variable and a formula is the SetOrClass of things that satisfy the formula. \ For example, we can denote the SetOrClass of prime numbers that are less \ than 100 with the following expression: (KappaFn ?NUMBER \ (and (instance ?NUMBER PrimeNumber) (lessThan ?NUMBER 100))). Note that \ the use of this function is discouraged, since there is currently no \ axiomatic support for it. (relation-has-domains) relation : KappaFn domain : SymbolicString Formula #- - Graph in: The Class of graphs, where a graph is understood \ to be a set of GraphNodes connected by GraphArcs. Note that this \ Class includes only connected graphs, i.e. graphs in which there is a \ GraphPath between any two GraphNodes. Note too that every Graph \ is assumed to contain at least two GraphArcs and three GraphNodes. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Abstract subclass : Graph #- - DirectedGraph in: The Class of directed graphs. A \ directed graph is a Graph in which all GraphArcs\ have direction, i.e. every GraphArc has an initial node (see \ InitialNodeFn) and a terminal node (see TerminalNodeFn). (is-subclass-of) superclass : Graph subclass : DirectedGraph #- - Tree in: A Tree is a DirectedGraph that has no \ GraphLoops. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Graph subclass : Tree #- - GraphPath in: Informally, a single, directed route between \ two GraphNodes in a Graph. Formally, a DirectedGraph that is a \ subGraph of the original Graph and such that no two GraphArcs in \ the DirectedGraph have the same intial node (see InitialNodeFn) or \ the same terminal node (see TerminalNodeFn). (is-subclass-of) superclass : DirectedGraph subclass : GraphPath #- - GraphCircuit in: A GraphPath that begins (see \ BeginNodeFn) and ends (see EndNodeFn) at the same \ GraphNode. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GraphPath subclass : GraphCircuit #- - MultiGraph in: The Class of multigraphs. A multigraph \ is a Graph containing at least one pair of GraphNodes that are \ connected by more than one GraphArc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Graph subclass : MultiGraph #- - PseudoGraph in: The Class of pseudographs. A pseudograph \ is a Graph containing at least one GraphLoop. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Graph subclass : PseudoGraph #- - GraphElement in: Noncompositional parts of Graphs. \ These parts are restricted to GraphNodes and GraphArcs. (is-subclass-of) superclass : Abstract subclass : GraphElement #- - GraphNode in: Graphs are comprised of GraphNodes \ and GraphArcs. Every GraphNode is linked by a GraphArc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GraphElement subclass : GraphNode #- - GraphArc in: Graphs are comprised of GraphNodes \ and GraphArcs. Every GraphArc links two GraphNodes. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GraphElement subclass : GraphArc #- - GraphLoop in: A GraphArc in which a GraphNode is \ linked to itself. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GraphArc subclass : GraphLoop #- - links (TernaryPredicate) in: a TernaryPredicate that specifies the \ GraphArc connecting two GraphNodes. (relation-has-domains) relation : links domain : GraphNode GraphNode GraphArc #- - graphPart (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: A basic relation for Graphs and their \ parts. (graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH) means that ?PART is a GraphArc \ or GraphNode of the Graph ?GRAPH. (relation-has-domains) relation : graphPart domain : GraphElement Graph #- - subGraph (BinaryPredicate ReflexiveRelation TransitiveRelation) in: The relation between two Graphs when one \ Graph is a part of the other. (subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2) means \ that ?GRAPH1 is a part of ?GRAPH2. (relation-has-domains) relation : subGraph domain : Graph Graph #- - pathLength (BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation) in: A BinaryPredicate that specifies the \ length (in number of GraphNodes) of a GraphPath.\ (pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER) means that there are ?NUMBER nodes in \ the GraphPath ?PATH. (relation-has-domains) relation : pathLength domain : GraphPath PositiveInteger #- - InitialNodeFn (UnaryFunction PartialValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a \ GraphArc to the initial node of the GraphArc. Note\ that this is a partial function. In particular, the function is \ undefined for GraphArcs that are not part of a DirectedGraph. (relation-has-domains) relation : InitialNodeFn domain : GraphArc #- - TerminalNodeFn (UnaryFunction PartialValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a \ GraphArc to the terminal node of the GraphArc. Note that this \ is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined \ for GraphArcs that are not part of a DirectedGraph. (relation-has-domains) relation : TerminalNodeFn domain : GraphArc #- - BeginNodeFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphPath \ to the GraphNode that is the beginning of the GraphPath. Note that, \ unlike InitialNodeFn (which relates a GraphArc to a GraphNode), \ BeginNodeFn is a total function - every GraphPath has a beginning. (relation-has-domains) relation : BeginNodeFn domain : GraphPath #- - EndNodeFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphPath \ to the GraphNode that is the end of the GraphPath. Note that, unlike \ TerminalNodeFn (which relates a GraphArc to a GraphNode), \ EndNodeFn is a total function - every GraphPath has a end. (relation-has-domains) relation : EndNodeFn domain : GraphPath #- - arcWeight (BinaryPredicate SingleValuedRelation) in: This predicate indicates the value of a \ GraphArc in a Graph. This could map to the length of a road in \ a road network or the flow rate of a pipe in a plumbing system. (relation-has-domains) relation : arcWeight domain : GraphArc RealNumber #- - PathWeightFn (UnaryFunction) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a \ GraphPath to the sum of the arcWeights on the GraphArcs in \ the GraphPath. (relation-has-domains) relation : PathWeightFn domain : GraphPath #- - MinimalWeightedPathFn (BinaryFunction) in: This BinaryFunction assigns two \ GraphNodes to the GraphPath with the smallest sum of weighted arcs \ between the two GraphNodes. (relation-has-domains) relation : MinimalWeightedPathFn domain : GraphNode GraphNode #- - MaximalWeightedPathFn (BinaryFunction) in: This BinaryFunction assigns two \ GraphNodes to the GraphPath with the largest sum of weighted arcs \ between the two GraphNodes. (relation-has-domains) relation : MaximalWeightedPathFn domain : GraphNode GraphNode #- - GraphPathFn (BinaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A BinaryFunction that maps two GraphNodes \ to the Class of GraphPaths between those two nodes. Note that the two \ GraphNodes must belong to the same Graph. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GraphPath subclass : GraphPathFn (relation-has-domains) relation : GraphPathFn domain : GraphNode GraphNode #- - CutSetFn (UnaryFunction) in: A UnaryFunction that assigns a Graph the \ Class of GraphPaths that partition the graph into two separate \ graphs if cut. There may be more than one cutset for a given graph. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GraphPath subclass : CutSetFn (relation-has-domains) relation : CutSetFn domain : Graph #- - MinimalCutSetFn (UnaryFunction) in: A UnaryFunction that assigns a Graph \ the Class of GraphPaths which comprise cutsets for the Graph and \ which have the least number of GraphArcs. (is-subclass-of) superclass : GraphPath subclass : MinimalCutSetFn (relation-has-domains) relation : MinimalCutSetFn domain : Graph #- - UnitOfMeasure in: A standard of measurement for some dimension. \ For example, the Meter is a UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length, \ as is the Inch. There is no intrinsic property of a UnitOfMeasure that \ makes it primitive or fundamental; rather, a system of units (e.g. \ SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and \ assigns units for each. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PhysicalQuantity subclass : UnitOfMeasure #- - SystemeInternationalUnit in: The Class of Systeme \ International (SI) units. (is-subclass-of) superclass : UnitOfMeasure subclass : SystemeInternationalUnit #- - LengthMeasure in: The Class of ConstantQuantities relating \ to length. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : LengthMeasure #- - MassMeasure in: The Class of ConstantQuantities relating \ to the amount of matter in an Object. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : MassMeasure #- - AreaMeasure in: Measures of the amount of space in two \ dimensions. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : AreaMeasure #- - VolumeMeasure in: Measures of the amount of space in three \ dimensions. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : VolumeMeasure #- - TemperatureMeasure in: Measures of temperature. \ In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the \ average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : TemperatureMeasure #- - CurrencyMeasure in: Includes all standard measures of monetary \ value, including UnitedStatesDollar, UnitedStatesCent, Lire, Yen, etc. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : CurrencyMeasure #- - AngleMeasure in: The value of an angle in a plane or in a \ solid. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : AngleMeasure #- - PlaneAngleMeasure in: The value of an angle in a plane. (is-subclass-of) superclass : AngleMeasure subclass : PlaneAngleMeasure #- - SolidAngleMeasure in: The value of an angle in a solid. (is-subclass-of) superclass : AngleMeasure subclass : SolidAngleMeasure (are-disjoint) objects : SolidAngleMeasure PlaneAngleMeasure #- - MeasureFn (BinaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: This BinaryFunction maps a RealNumber and \ a UnitOfMeasure to that Number of units. It is used for expressing \ ConstantQuantities. For example, the concept of three meters is \ represented as (MeasureFn 3 Meter). (relation-has-domains) relation : MeasureFn domain : RealNumber UnitOfMeasure #- - KiloFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into \ a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. \ For example, (KiloFn Gram) is 1,000 Grams. (relation-has-domains) relation : KiloFn domain : UnitOfMeasure #- - MegaFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into \ a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000 units of the original \ UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MegaFn Hertz) is 1,000,000 Hertz. (relation-has-domains) relation : MegaFn domain : UnitOfMeasure #- - GigaFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into \ a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000 units of the original \ UnitOfMeasure. For example, (GigaFn Hertz) is 1,000,000,000 Hertz. (relation-has-domains) relation : GigaFn domain : UnitOfMeasure #- - TeraFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure \ into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 units of the original \ UnitOfMeasure. For example, (TeraFn Hertz) is 1,000,000,000,000 Hertz. (relation-has-domains) relation : TeraFn domain : UnitOfMeasure #- - MilliFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into \ a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. \ For example, (MilliFn Gram) is .001 Grams. (relation-has-domains) relation : MilliFn domain : UnitOfMeasure #- - MicroFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into \ a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. \ For example, (MicroFn Meter) is .000001 Meters. (relation-has-domains) relation : MicroFn domain : UnitOfMeasure #- - NanoFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into \ a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000001 units of the original \ UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MicroFn SecondDuration) is .000000001 \ SecondDurations. (relation-has-domains) relation : NanoFn domain : UnitOfMeasure #- - PicoFn (UnaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into \ a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000000001 units of the original \ UnitOfMeasure. For example, (PicoFn SecondDuration) is .000000000001 \ SecondDurations. (relation-has-domains) relation : PicoFn domain : UnitOfMeasure #- - IntervalFn (BinaryFunction) in: A BinaryFunction that maps two ConstantQuantities \ to the Class of ConstantQuantities that comprise the interval from the first \ ConstantQuantity to the second ConstantQuantity. For example, (IntervalFn \ (MeasureFn 8 Meter) (MeasureFn 14 Meter)) would return the Class of \ ConstantQuantities between 8 and 14 meters in length. (is-subclass-of) superclass : ConstantQuantity subclass : IntervalFn (relation-has-domains) relation : IntervalFn domain : ConstantQuantity ConstantQuantity #- - MagnitudeFn (UnaryFunction) in: The magnitude of a ConstantQuantity is the \ numeric value for the quantity. In other words, MagnitudeFn converts \ a ConstantQuantity with an associated UnitOfMeasure into an ordinary \ RealNumber. For example, the magnitude of the ConstantQuantity 2 \ Kilometers is the RealNumber 2. Note that the magnitude of a \ quantity in a given unit times that unit is equal to the original \ quantity. (relation-has-domains) relation : MagnitudeFn domain : ConstantQuantity #- - PerFn (BinaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: PerFn maps two instances of ConstantQuantity to the FunctionQuantity composed of these two instances. For example, (PerFn (MeasureFn 2 (MicroFn Gram)) (MeasureFn 1 (KiloFn Gram))) denotes the FunctionQuantity of \ 2 micrograms per kiogram. This function is useful, because it allows the knowledge \ engineer to dynamically generate instances of FunctionQuantity. (relation-has-domains) relation : PerFn domain : ConstantQuantity ConstantQuantity #- - DensityFn (TotalValuedRelation) in: DensityFn maps an instance of MassMeasure \ and an instance of VolumeMeasure to the density represented by this \ proportion of mass and volume. For example, (DensityFn (MeasureFn 3 Gram) \ (MeasureFn 1 Liter)) represents the density of 3 grams per liter. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PerFn subclass : DensityFn (relation-has-domains) relation : DensityFn domain : MassMeasure VolumeMeasure #- - SpeedFn (TotalValuedRelation) in: Maps an instance of LengthMeasure and an instance of \ TimeDuration to the speed represented by this proportion of distance and time. \ For example, (SpeedFn (MeasureFn 55 Mile)(MeasureFn 1 HourDuration)) \ represents the velocity of 55 miles per hour. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PerFn subclass : SpeedFn (relation-has-domains) relation : SpeedFn domain : LengthMeasure TimeDuration #- - VelocityFn (QuaternaryFunction TotalValuedRelation) in: Specifies the velocity of an object, i.e. the speed \ and the direction of the speed. For example (VelocityFn (MeasureFn 55 Mile) \ (MeasureFn 2 HourDuration) ?REFERENCE North) denotes the velocity of 55 miles \ per hour North of the given reference point ?REFERENCE. (relation-has-domains) relation : VelocityFn domain : LengthMeasure TimeDuration Region DirectionalAttribute #- - Meter (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI LengthMeasure. Symbol: m. It is one of the\ base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the Meter \ is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time \ interval of 1/299792458 of a SecondDuration. (is-subclass-of) superclass : LengthMeasure subclass : Meter #- - Gram (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: Submultiple of kilogram. Symbol: g. \ 1 kilogram = 1000 Grams. (is-subclass-of) superclass : MassMeasure subclass : Gram #- - SecondDuration (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI TimeDuration. Symbol: s. \ It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as \ follows: the SecondDuration is the duration of 9192631770 periods of \ the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine \ levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDuration subclass : SecondDuration #- - Ampere (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI electric current measure. Symbol: A. It is \ one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the Ampere is \ that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel \ conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and \ placed 1 Meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors \ a force equal to 2*10^(-7) Newton per Meter of length. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Ampere #- - KelvinDegree (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI TemperatureMeasure. Symbol: K. \ It is one of the base units in SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system). \ Kelvin differs from the Celsius scale in that the triple point of water \ is defined to be 273.16 KelvinDegrees while it is 0 CelsiusDegrees. \ The magnitudes of intervals in the two scales are the same. By definition \ the conversion constant is 273.15. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TemperatureMeasure subclass : KelvinDegree #- - Mole (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI amount of substance unit. symbol: mol. It is one \ of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the Mole is the \ amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities \ as there are atoms in 0.012 Kilograms of carbon 12. Note that, when this \ UnitOfMeasure is used, the elementary entities must be specified - they \ may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, etc. or groups of such \ particles. (is-subclass-of) superclass : MassMeasure subclass : Mole #- - Candela (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI luminosity intensity measure. Symbol: cd. \ It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as \ follows: the Candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, \ of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540*10^12 \ Hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 \ Watt per Steradian. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Candela #- - Liter (UnitOfMeasure) in: Unit of volume in the metric system. It is currently \ defined to be equal to one cubic decimeter (0.001 cubic meter). Symbol: l. (is-subclass-of) superclass : VolumeMeasure subclass : Liter #- - Centimeter (UnitOfMeasure) in: Submultiple of Meter. Symbol: cm. It is \ the 100th part of a Meter (is-subclass-of) superclass : LengthMeasure subclass : Centimeter #- - Radian (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI plane angle measure. Symbol: rad. It is the \ angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circle's \ radius. Another definition is: the plane angle between two radii of a \ circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the \ radius. Radian = m/m = 1. (is-subclass-of) superclass : PlaneAngleMeasure subclass : Radian #- - Steradian (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI solid angle measure. Symbol: sr. It is \ the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose \ area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius. Another definition \ is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere, \ cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square \ with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. Steradian = \ m^2/m^2 = 1. (is-subclass-of) superclass : SolidAngleMeasure subclass : Steradian #- - Hertz (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI frequency measure. Symbol: Hz. It is the \ number of cycles per second. Hertz = s^(-1). Note that Hertz \ does not have a conversion function. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDependentQuantity subclass : Hertz #- - Newton (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI force measure. Symbol: N. It is that force \ which gives to a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 Meter per \ SecondDuration. Newton = m*kg*s^(-2). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Newton #- - Pascal (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI pressure measure. Symbol:Pa. It is the \ pressure of one Newton per square Meter. Pascal = N/m^2 \ = m^(-1)*kg*s^(-2). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Pascal #- - Joule (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI energy measure. Symbol: J. It is the work \ done when the point of application of 1 Newton is displaced a distance \ of 1 Meter in the direction of the force. Joule = N*m = \ m^2*kg*s^(-2). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Joule #- - Watt (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI power measure. Symbol: W. A UnitOfMeasure \ that measures power, i.e. energy produced or expended divided by \ TimeDuration. It is the power which gives rise to the production \ of energy (or work) at the rate of one Joule per SecondDuration. \ Watt = J/s = m^2*kg*s^(-3). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Watt #- - Coulomb (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI electric charge measure. Symbol: C. It is \ the quantity of electric charge transported through a cross section of \ a conductor in an electric circuit during each SecondDuration by a \ current of 1 Ampere. Coulomb = s*A. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDependentQuantity subclass : Coulomb #- - Volt (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI electric potential measure. Symbol: V. It is \ the difference of electric potential between two points of a conducting \ wire carrying a constant current of 1 Ampere, when the power dissipated \ between these points is equal to 1 Watt. Volt = W/A = \ m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-1). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Volt #- - Farad (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI capacitance measure. Symbol: F. It is the \ capacitance of a capacitator between the plates of which there appears \ a difference of potential of 1 Volt when it is charged by a quantity \ of electricity equal to 1 Coulomb. Farad = C/V = \ m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^4*A^2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Farad #- - Ohm (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI electric resistance measure. It is the electric\ resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference \ of potential of 1 Volt, applied between these two points,\ produces in this conductor a current of 1 Ampere, this conductor not\ being the force of any electromotive force. Ohm = V/A = \ m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-2). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Ohm #- - Siemens (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI electric conductance measure. Symbol: S. \ In the case of direct current, the conductance in Siemens is the \ reciprocal of the resistance in Ohms; in the case of alternating current, \ it is the reciprocal of the impedance in ohms. siemens = A/V = \ m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^(3)*A^2. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Siemens #- - Weber (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI magnetic flux measure. Symbol: Wb. It is the \ magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an\ electromotive force of 1 Volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform\ rate in 1 SecondDuration. Weber = V*s = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Weber #- - Tesla (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI magnetic flux density measure. Symbol: T.\ One Tesla equals one Weber per square Meter. Tesla = Wb/m^2 = \ kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Tesla #- - Henry (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI inductance measure. Symbol: H. One Henry \ is equivalent to one Volt divided by one Ampere per SecondDuration. \ If a current changing at the rate of one Ampere per SecondDuration \ induces an electromotive force of one Volt, the circuit has an \ inductance of one Henry. Henry = Wb/A = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-2). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Henry #- - CelsiusDegree (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: A TemperatureMeasure. The freezing point \ and the boiling point of water are, respectively, 0 CelsiusDegrees and 100 \ CelsiusDegrees. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TemperatureMeasure subclass : CelsiusDegree #- - Lumen (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI luminous flux measure. Symbol: lm. It is the \ amount streaming outward through one solid angle of 1 Steradian from a \ uniform point source having an intensity of one Candela. Lumen = \ cd*sr = cd * 1. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Lumen #- - Lux (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI illuminance measure. Symbol: lx. It is the \ amount of illumination provided when one Lumen is evenly distributed \ over an area of 1 square Meter. This is also equivalent to the \ illumination that would exist on a surface all points of which are one \ Meter from a point source of one Candela. Lux = lm/m^2 = \ m^(-2)*cd. (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Lux #- - Becquerel (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI activity measure. Symbol: Bq. It measures \ the amount of radioactivity contained in a given sample of matter. It is \ that quantity of a radioactive element in which there is one atomic \ disintegration per SecondDuration. Becquerel = s^(-1). (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDependentQuantity subclass : Becquerel #- - Gray (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI absorbed dose measure. Symbol: Gy. It measures \ the dose of radiation absorbed in living tissue. It is equal approximately \ to the absorbed dose delivered when the energy per unit mass imparted to\ matter by ionizing radiation is 1 Joule per kilogram. Gray = J/kg \ = m^2*s^(-2). (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Gray #- - Sievert (SystemeInternationalUnit) in: SI dose equivalent measure. Symbol: Sv. It is \ a unit of biologic dose of ionizing radiation. The Sievert makes it \ possible to normalize doses of different types of radiation. It takes \ into account the relative biologic effectiveness of ionizing radiation, \ since each form of such radiation--e.g., X rays, gamma rays, neutrons--\ has a slightly different effect on living tissue for a given absorbed \ dose. The dose equivalent of a given type of radiation (in Sievert) is \ the dose of the radiation in Gray multiplied by a quality factor that \ is based on the relative biologic effectiveness of the radiation. \ Accordingly, one Sievert is generally defined as the amount of radiation \ roughly equivalent in biologic effectiveness to one Gray of gamma \ radiation. Sievert = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2) (is-subclass-of) superclass : FunctionQuantity subclass : Sievert #- - DayDuration (UnitOfMeasure) in: Time unit. 1 day = 24 hours. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDuration subclass : DayDuration #- - HourDuration (UnitOfMeasure) in: Time unit. 1 hour = 60 minutes. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDuration subclass : HourDuration #- - MinuteDuration (UnitOfMeasure) in: Time unit. 1 minute = 60 seconds. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDuration subclass : MinuteDuration #- - WeekDuration (UnitOfMeasure) in: Time unit. A week's duration is seven days. (is-subclass-of) superclass : TimeDuration subclass : WeekDuration #